Cladonia cristatella

Goldner, W. R., Hoffman, F. M., and Medve, R. J., 1986. Allelopathic effects of Cladonia cristatella on ectomycorrhyzal fungi common to bituminous strip-mine spoils. Can. J. Bot. 64,1586-1590. 

StL Cladonia cristatella Tuck., Cladonia macilenta Hoffm. 

Culberson CF, Ahmadjian V (1980) Artifical reestablishment of lichens. II. Secondary products of resynthesized Cladonia cristatella and Lecanora chrysoleuca. Mycologia 72 90-109... 

Culberson CF, Culberson WL, Johnson A (1983) Genetic and environmental effects on growth and production of secondary compounds in Cladonia cristatella, Biochem SystEcol 11 77-84... 

Whiton JC, Lawrey JD (1982) Inhibition of Cladonia cristatella and Sordaria fimicola ascospore germination by lichen acids. Bryologist 85 222-226 Yilmaz Y, Turk AO, Tay T et al (2004) The antimicrobial activity of extracts of the lichen Cladonia foliacea and its (-)-usnic acid, atranorin and fumarprotocetraric acid constituents. Z Naturforsch 59c 249-254... 

Yamamoto Y, Kinoshita Y, Kurokawa T et al (1995) Cell growth and pigment production in suspension cultures of a mycobiont isolated from the lichen Cladonia cristatella. Can J Bot 73 ... 

Ahmadjian, V. (1966). Artificial reestablishment of the lichen Cladonia cristatella. Science 151, 199-201. 

Cladonia cristatella Jacobs and Ahmadjian (1969, 1971a,b) Moore and McAlear (1960)... 

Only very few isolated mycobionts (Cladonia cristatella, Cora pavonia, Herpothallon sanguinium, and Lecanora dispersa) have been studied to date. 

Intramembranous haustoria have been observed in Cladonia cristatella, Lecidea sp. (Moore and McAlear, 1960), Gonohymenia mesopotamica, G. sinaica (Paran et al., 1971), Usnea pruinosa, and U. rockii (Chervin et aL, 1968). These haustoria show the same thinner walls in the contact region as the intracellular haustoria. The only striking difference observed in these haustoria was an increased number of mitochondria (Chervin et al., 1968). The augmented appearance of mitochondria in a haustorium seems reasonable although they have not been described in haustoria of other lichens. 

Jacobs, J. B., and Ahmadjian, V. (1971a). The ultrastructure of lichens. II. Cladonia cristatella The lichen and its isolated symbionts. J. Phycol. 7, 71-81. 

The different developmental stages in the lichenization process have been elucidated in studies with Acarospora fuscata (Ahmadjian, 1962), Cladonia cristatella (Ahmadjian, 1966), and Endocarpon pusillum (Bertsch and Butin, 1967 Ahmadjian and Heikkila, 1970). The results with revealed... 

The lichen Squamarina cartilaginea is sometimes infected by a Wardomyces fungus and then forms deep red spots on the thallus. The structure of this pigment, squamarone, has been elucidated by NMR spectroscopy as 2,6,8-trihydroxy-3-methyl-7-ethyl-l, 4-naphthaquinone (522). This is the first example of the formation of a phytoalexin by a lichen (370). The naphthaquinones cristazarin (523) and 6-methylcri-stazarin (524) have been isolated from cultures of the spore-derived mycobiont of Cladonia cristatella (744). 

Whiton and Lawrey found that ascospore germination of the lichens Cladonia cristatella 724), Graphis scripta and Caloplaca citrina 725) was much reduced in the presence of lichen substances. Spore germination of Cladonia cristatella and Caloplaca citrina was inhibited by vulpinic acid, evernic acid and atranorin respectively stictic acid showed no activity. 

Yamamoto Y, Matsubara H, Kinoshita Y, Kinoshita K, Koyama K, Takahashi K, Ahmadjian V, Kurokawa T, Yoshimura I (1996) Naphthazarin Derivatives from Cultures of the Lichen Cladonia cristatella. Phytochemistry 43 1239... 

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