Active sludge

Waste activated sludge Waste biomass Waste-derived fuels Waste disposal Waste-heat boiler... 

Tests in pure water, river water, and activated sludge showed that commercial ttiaryl phosphates and alkyl diphenyl phosphates undergo reasonably facile degradation by hydrolysis and biodegradation (163—165). The phosphonates can undergo biodegradation of the carbon-to-phosphoms bond by certain microorganisms (166,167). 

Other appHcations of firefly hioluminescence include measurement of the activity of bacteria in secondary sewage treatment activated sludge (296,297), detection of bacteria in clean rooms and operating rooms, measurement of bacteria in bottled foods, beverages (298), and pharmaceuticals (299), determination of the antimicrobial activity of potential dmgs (300), determination of the viabiHty of seeds (301), and measuring marine biomass concentrations as a function of ocean depth or geographical location (302). 

Phenol can be oxidi2ed and hence removed, ie, to levels <20 / g/L, from wastewater (248). Moreover, addition of potassium permanganate to the return activated sludge results in reduction of odors issued from the aeration tanks of conventional activated sludge wastewater treatment plants without any change occurring to the microbiology of the system (249). 

Wastewater. Phenol is a toxic poUutant to the waterways and has an acute toxicity (- 5 m g/L) to fish. Chlorination of water gives chlorophenols, which impart objectionable odor and taste at 0.01 mg/L. Biochemical degradation is most frequently used to treat wastewater containing phenol. Primary activated sludge, along with secondary biological treatment, reduces phenol content to below 0.1 mg/L (69). 

A number of physical and chemical properties of 1-propanol are Hsted ia Table 1 (2,3). The chemistry of 1-propanol is typical of low molecular weight primary alcohols (see Alcohols, higher aliphatic). Biologically, 1-propanol is easily degraded by activated sludge and is the easiest alcohol to degrade (4). 

J. C. BuzzeU, Jr. and co-workers. Behavior of Organic Chemicals in the Mquatic Environment, Part III—Behavior in Merobic Treatment Systems (Activated Sludge), Association of Manufacturing Chemists, Washington, D.C., 1969, pp. 26—31. 

Incineration in an approved combustion plant is the preferred method of disposal. Wastewater from succinic acid processes is suitable for biological degradation by activated sludge (188). Polymeric sorbents (189) and ferric chloride treatment processes (190) can also be used for wastes containing... 

Process water streams from vinyl chloride manufacture are typically steam-stripped to remove volatile organics, neutralized, and then treated in an activated sludge system to remove any nonvolatile organics. If fluidized-bed oxychlorination is used, the process wastewater may also contain suspended catalyst fines and dissolved metals. The former can easily be removed by sedimentation, and the latter by precipitation. Depending on the specific catalyst formulation and outfall limitations, tertiary treatment may be needed to reduce dissolved metals to acceptable levels. 

Most carbon adsorption units use granular activated carbon (GAC). The powdered form of activated carbon (PAC) typically is less than 100 microns in diameter and may be used to reduce dioxins in incinerator emissions (2) and in the treatment of drinking water and wastewater treatment (see the section on "Activated Sludge"). 

Process Va.ria.tlons, There are many variations of the activated sludge process which have been developed in response to different wastewater... 

N. P. Osicecg, Activated Sludge Theory andPractice, Oxford Science PubHcations, New York, 1990. 

D. Jenkins, M. G. Richard, and G. T. Daigger, Manual on the Causes and Control of Activated Sludge Bulking and Foaming, Lewis Pubhshers, Boca Raton, Ela., 1993. 

---