Leukocytes with activation markers

Bryant, A. E. and Stevens, D. L. (1997) Expression of activational markers on circulating leukocytes from baboons with group A streptococcal (GAS) bacteremia. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 418, 801-804. 

Of 39 patients taking lithium, 18% had neutrophilia and 15% had raised activity of polymorphonuclear elas-tase (a marker of granulocyte activation) (345). In keeping with these observations, a chart review of 38 patients taking clozapine showed an increase in leukocyte count when lithium was added (42). A man with olanzapine-induced neutropenia (with a prior history of risperidone-induced neutropenia), which normalized with drug withdrawal, had no difficulty when the drug was reintroduced after the patient had been treated with lithium (43). 

The chemokines are a family of cytokines with low molecular weights that predominately regulate the trafficking of leukocytes. There are currently 40 known chemokines and 16 chemokine receptors, with the majority of the chemokines binding to more than one receptor [10, 11]. The chemokine family can be subdivided into four groups based on the location of the first two cysteines C, C-C, C-X-C and C-X3-C. Five C-X-C chemokine receptors and 11 C-C chemokine receptors have been identified to date [11]. Interaction of chemokines with their receptors on PMN not only induces directional migration but also activates PMN adhesion, degranulation and surface marker expression. 

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