Biological activated carbon

R. G. Rice and C. M. Robson, Biological Activated Carbon—Enhanced Aerobic Biological Activity in GAC Systems, Ann Arbor Science PubHshers, Ann... 

The so-called bioactive ceramics have been attractive because they spontaneously bond to living bone, however, they are much more brittle and much less flexible than natural bone. Previous studies reported that the essential condition for ceramics to show bioactivity is formation of a biologically active carbonate-containing apatite on their surfaces after exposure to the body fluid [337]. Calciiun sulfate was also used [338]. 

Prostaglandin Any of a large group of biologically active, carbon-20, unsaturated fatty acids that are produced by the metabolism of arachidonic acid through the cyclooxygenase pathway. 

Mezohegyi G, Kolodkin A, Castro UI, Bengoa C et al (2007) Effective anaerobic decoloriza-tion of azo dye Acid Orange 7 in continuous upflow packed-bed reactor using biological activated carbon system. Ind Eng Chem Res 46 6788-6792... 

The assessment of reaction kinetics by means of batch tests may be strongly affected by dye adsorption on the biophase and supports. The relevance of the adsorption phenomena of dyes on biophase has been addressed in studies regarding free cells [41], granular support biofilm [24], entrapped cells [11, 18], anaerobic sludge [10,24,31,34] and biological activated carbon (BAC) [42,45,47,48]. They have pointed out that the kinetics may be overestimated if the assessment of the adsorption contribution to the dye removal is not taken into account. Under batch conditions, the dye is fastly split between the liquid phase and the biophase, resulting in a sharp reduction of the dye concentration in the liquid phase until adsorption equilibrium is approached. The rate of dye adsorption must be estimated and ruled out in the kinetic assessment. 

The activated carbon is often chosen as granular carrier and is referred to as granular activated carbon (GAC) or biological activated carbon (BAC). This support is characterized by a strong propensity to adsorb the dyes and is a good candidate for biofilm formation, because of its natural organic matrix. The marked propensity to adsorb dyes contributes to increase the tolerance to shock loadings. In fact, under transient conditions the free surface of the AC acts as a temporary buffer for the dye, which is eventually released as dye disappears. 

Lin HY, Leu JY (2008) Kinetic of reactive azo-dye decolorization by Pseudomonas Luteola in biological actived carbon process. Biochem Eng J 39 457 167... 

Biologically active carbon, 7 7 803 Biological media, drug stability in, 9 53 Biological nanomachines, 7 7 45 Biological nitrogen fixation, 77 295-311, 316... 

Due to this observation, several hundred chemical/biological processes, often called the (ozone enhanced) biological activated carbon ((OE)BAC)-process, were successfully put in operation in the field of drinking water treatment since the late 1970 s (Masschelein, 1994). Nevertheless, even after more than twenty years of research and application, the studies on this process proceed (e. g. Kainulainen et al., 1994). 

Kainulaincn T, Tuhkanen T, Vartiainen T, Kalliokoski P (1994) Removal of residual organic matter from drinking water by ozonation and biologically activated carbon, in Ozone in water and wastewater Treatment Vol. 2 Proceedings of the 1 llh Ozone World Congress Aug./Sept. 1993, San Francisco CA, S-17-88-S-17-89. 

Rice R G (1981) Ozone Treatment of Industrial Wastewater, Section 7 Biological Activated Carbon 332-371, ISBN 0-8155-0867-0 USA. 

OEBAC ozone enhanced biological activated carbon... 

Martin Jekel, Professor of Water Quality Control at the Technical University Berlin, has been involved in ozonation and oxidation research since 1976, especially concerning ozone/ biological activated carbon, microflocculation mechanisms of ozone and advanced oxidation processes for water and wastewaters. He studied chemistry, has a Ph.D. in chemical engineering and is a full professor since 1988. He contributed Chapter A 3 to this book. Technische Universitat Berlin, Institut fur Technischen Umweltschutz, Sekr. KF 4, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany wrh itu201. ut.TU-Berlin.DE... 

Kim, W. H., et al. (1997). Pilot plant study on ozonation and biological activated carbon process for drinking water treatment. Water Science Technol, Proc. 1995 5th lAWQ Asian Regional Conf. on Water Quality and Pollut. Control, Eeb. 7-9, 1995, Manila, Philippines, 35, 8, 21-28. Elsevier Science Ltd., Oxford, England. 

Different treatment processes, such as coagulation and sand filtration, oxidation, NF, granular activated carbon, and biologically activated carbon were compared by Legube et al. (1995). 

Duan H, Yan R, Koe LCC, Wang X (2007) Combined effect of adsorption and biodegradation of biological activated carbon on H2S biotrickiing filtration. Chemosphere 66 1684-1691... 

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