Toxicity action

Fluoroacetate undergoes a "lethal synthesis"(18) to 2-fluorocitrate which may reversibly inhibit aconitase and which irreversibly binds to a membrane-associated citrate transport protein(19,20). Insecticidal and other biocidal uses of fluoroacetate (or its metabolic precursors) received considerable attention twenty-five years ago( ) but most uses have been abandoned due to high nonspecific vertebrate toxicity of these compounds. Vfe have reported the use of o)-fluoro fatty acids and their derivatives as delayed-action toxicants for targeted... 

Used as drops long (5-6 days) action Toxicity Increased intraocular pressure in closed-angle glaucoma Interactions With other antimuscarinics... 

Propranolol Nonselective competitive antagonist at adrenoceptors Decreased heart rate, cardiac output, and blood pressure decreases myocardial oxygen demand Prophylaxis of angina for other applications, see Chapters 10, 11, and 13 Oral and parenteral, 4-6 h duration of action Toxicity Asthma, atrioventricular block, acute heart failure, sedation Interactions Additive with all cardiac depressants... 

Propylthiouracil (PTU) Inhibit thyroid peroxidase reactions block iodine organification inhibit peripheral deiodination of T4 and T Hyperthyroidism Oral duration of action 6-8 h delayed onset of action Toxicity Nausea, gastrointestinal distress, rash, agranulocytosis, hepatitis,hypothyroidism... 

Tetracaine, an ester of para-aminobenzoic acid, has a slow onset, very short plasma half-life of 2.5 to 4 min and a long duration of action. Toxic effects are rare and only in the case of vascular absorbance from mucous membranes. 

Describe what is known about the mechanism of action/toxicity of the exposure and any toxicokinetic considerations that may influence the toxicity of the exposure at specific life stages. 

The toxins from Bufo species of toads are venom complexes that have a distinct cardioactive digitalislike action. Toxic signs include profuse salivation with pulmonary edema, cardiac arrhythmia, hypertension, and prostration. Convulsions and death due to cardiac arrest may occur as early as 15 min after exposure to the toxin. Susceptible populations include children and pet dogs or cats playing with toads. 

A New Class of Delayed-Action Toxicants for Fire Ant Control... 

Types of Information Enforcement actions, toxic substances, waste management, environmental law, and air quality topics... 

AS-6 has been less well characterized than ciglitazone and many questions remain unanswered about its mechanism of action, toxicity and clinical efficacy, but it does at least provide a new and promising direction on which to base further novel synthetic efforts. 

Guanfacine is an a2 agonist drug that is similar to clonidine in mechanism of action, toxicity and side effects. It is administered orally. The duration of action is longer than that of clonidine (16-20 hours) and so is normally administered once per day. 

Ml nerve fibres are sensitive to local anaesthetics but. in general, small-diameter fibres are more seitsitivc than large fibres. Thus, a differential block can be achieved where the smaller pain and autonomic fibres are blocked, while coaise touch and movement libres are spared. Local anaesthetics vary widely in Ihcir potency. duiaiiun of action, toxicity and ability to penetrate mucous membranes. 

Marine toxins may be developed from marine organisms. Examples include saxitoxin, tetrodotoxin, palytoxin, brevetoxins, and microcystin. Saxitoxin is a sodium-channel blocker and is most toxic by inhalation compared to the other routes of exposure. Saxitoxin and tetrodotoxin are similar in mechanical action, toxicity, and physical attributes. They can be lethal within a few minutes when inhaled. It has not yet been chemically synthesized efficiently, or easily created in large quantities from natural sources. Palytoxin is produced from soft coral and is highly toxic. It is, however, difficult to produce or harvest from nature. 

The toxic effects due to codeine are similar bnt less toxic than those of morphine and other opium alkaloids. An overdose can cause respiratory failure. It is a weak depressant of the central nervons system. It also exhibits stimnlant action. Toxic symptoms from high dosages may inclnde drowsiness, sleep, tremors, excitement, and hallucinations. It may also produce gastric pains and constipation. An oral LD50 valne in... 

Tetrodotoxin, from the puffer fish and other members of the order Tetraodontiformes, is a neurotoxin much like saxitoxin in its mechanism of action, toxicity, and physical characteristics. Palytoxin, from the soft coral Palythoa tuberculosa, is extremely toxic and quite stable in impure form, but difficulty of production or harvest from nature reduces the likelihood that an aggressor would use it as an MCBW. The brevetoxins, commonly associated with red tide dinoflagellate blooms, and the blue-green algal toxins like microcystin, a hepatotoxin, have limited toxicity. 

Tacar O, Sriamornsak P, Dass CR. 2013. Doxorubicin an update on anticancer molecular action, toxicity and novel drug delivery systems. J Pharm Pharmacol 65(2) 157-170. 

Good relationships between the retention in MLC and some biological activities of local anesthetics (bupivacaine, lidocaine, mepiva-caine, prilocaine, procaine and tetracaine), such as anesthetic potency, concentration of compound that produces an effect similar to a reference concentration of cocaine, duration of the action, toxicity and time taken to eliminate half the drug present in the body, have also b n reported [24]. Some anesthetic actions of barbiturates also correlated well with the retention minimum effective hypnotic dose in rabbits, molar drug concentration necessary to reduce cell division, and molar drug concentration required to reduce 50% the inhibition of oxygen respiration on the brain of a rat in vitro [25],... 

ANTICOAGULANT ACTIVITY Structure-activity relationships Mode of action Toxicity... 

According to the site of action, toxic effects can be divided into... 

Side effects can be the result of unwanted systemic action, toxicity, irritation and hypersensitivity following sensitisation. Both the active substances and excipients can cause side effects and in addition to the chemical nature of the inhaled compounds, also physical properties can be relevant. An example can be given for salbutamol, for which it has been shown that increasing the dose may result... 

On the basis of biological action, toxic substances may, for example, act as ... 

This may be explained as follows for each mode of action toxicant molecules are functionally equivalent, interacting at the same receptor sites at the same site of toxic action, thereby producing the same toxicological response when an equal number of molecules reach the site of toxic action. Although not discussed in detail, this strongly suggests that mixtures of equivalent toxicants (i.e., same mode of action) would be expected to act the same as an equal molar amount of any of the individual components. 

Manganese Industrial wastes, acid mine water, microbial action Toxic to plants, damages fixtures by staining... 

B. Oberg, and R. Datema, Mode of action, toxicity, pharmacdcinetics, and efficacy of some antiherpes virus analogs related to buciclovir, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 30 598 (1986). 

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