Vertebrate toxicity

Fluoroacetate undergoes a "lethal synthesis"(18) to 2-fluorocitrate which may reversibly inhibit aconitase and which irreversibly binds to a membrane-associated citrate transport protein(19,20). Insecticidal and other biocidal uses of fluoroacetate (or its metabolic precursors) received considerable attention twenty-five years ago( ) but most uses have been abandoned due to high nonspecific vertebrate toxicity of these compounds. Vfe have reported the use of o)-fluoro fatty acids and their derivatives as delayed-action toxicants for targeted... 

In relation with Crotalaria spp. secondary metabolites, it is well known that these plants produce pyrrolizidine alkaloids and monocrotaline which have high vertebrate toxicity and could potentially be toxic to nematodes but it is possible also that the low C/N ratio of Crotalaria may also contribute to its allelopathic effect against nematodes. Materials with very low C/N or high content of ammonia will either result in plasmolysis of nematodes, or proliferation of nematophagous fungi due to the release of NH4+-N (Rich and Rahi, 1995). 

Sparteine (3a) Vertebrate toxicity (LD50) Lupanine (3b) 13-Tigloyl-Oxylupanine (3f)... 

The toxic effects of alkaloids in insects (Table I) can be caused by their interference with diverse cellular and intracellular targets. Since most mechanisms have not yet been elucidated for insects, this issue is discussed below in the section on vertebrate toxicity (see Table IV). With some caution we can extrapolate to insect toxicity. 

Future work will concentrate on expanding host range tests, evaluating vertebrate toxicity, and developing an appropriate formulation. Ongoing surveys will continue to search for new organisms within the United States and abroad. 

How can terrestrial vertebrate toxicity tests be modified to better assess interspecific variability of a toxic response ... 

It is well established that most alkaloids are rather toxic to animals and long lists of LD5o values have been tabulated (e.g., in 5] which document this feature. As can be seen from Table 16, interactions of alkaloids with neuronal signaling and DNA are probably the main cause. From our comparative data (Table 15, Fig. 7) significant correlations can be established between the degree of DNA intercalation, IC50 values of alkaloid binding at a2, serotonin, mACh receptors with bee or vertebrate toxicity (determined earlier in my laboratory 94]. 

The P-exotoxin is sometimes called the fly toxin, but it has a broad spectrum of activity, not confined to Diptera. It is thermostable and is not destroyed by heating at 70°C for 15 minutes. Because of the vertebrate toxicity, most commercial preparations use subspecies or isolates that do not produce P-exotoxin. However, the P-exotoxin can synergize the activity of... 

In retrospect, tebufenozide s relative lack of vertebrate toxicity might have been anticipated since such organisms do not biosynthesize or utilize 20E, EcR, USP, or any... 

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