Promising directions

Predictive abihties regarding future promising directions in pursuit of more active ORR electrocatalysts ... 

Finally, the material presented in this chapter paves the way for further improvements in free energy calculations. Two promising directions for future studies are improving the methods for sampling phase space so that is satisfies the most effective overlap and/or subset relationships and developing better techniques for averaging samples and extrapolating from finite-sampled sets. 

It was shown in the preceding text that even in the simplest systems many different chemisorbed particles originate on the surface during the catalytic reaction. In principle most of them can interact with each other and probably with gaseous reaction components as well. As a consequence, any catalytic reaction represents a system of simultaneous reactions, and the problem is how to influence the course of a particular reaction—in other words, it is essentially the selectivity problem. Thus in catalysis by metals, probably the modification of the surface properties (by forming the alloys, stable surface complexes, or by the addition of promotors, etc.) seems to be the most promising direction of the further fundamental research. 

Generally speaking, we should note that the synthetic potentials of the polycondensation approach for the preparation of protein-like copolymers are only now beginning to be explored. Nonetheless, even the first results show promising directions for future synthetic developments that can hardly be reached through the polymerization processes. 

H. B. Gray Work on the excited states of soluble metal oxo species that in a sense are the homogeneous-solution analogues of Ti02-type materials is a promising direction to take, in my view. 

As the main theme of this meeting is to assess and consolidate past achievements in various key areas of inorganic/organo-metallic chemistry, with the objective of gazing deep and hard into the futuristic chemical crystal ball of the 21st century, the purpose of my presentation will be to focus attention on pivotal developments in the field of transition metal atom/metal cluster chemistry over the past decade and then to attempt to project and forecast some of the more promising directions that the area is likely to follow in the years ahead. 

You have seen how scientists in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century developed and modified the atomic model. Changes in this model resulted from both experimental evidence and new ideas about the nature of matter and energy. By 1913, chemists and physicists had a working model that pointed tantalizingly in a promising direction. During the third decade of the twentieth century, the promise was fulfilled. In the next section, you will learn how physicists extended the ideas of Planck, Einstein, and Bohr to develop an entirely new branch of physics, and a new model of the atom. 

The concept of multicomponent reactions performed under microreactor conditions presents a very promising direction in the exploration of novel production routes in... 

Glantz MJ, Choy H, Kearns CM, Akerley W, Egorin MJ. Weekly, outpatient paclitaxel and concurrent cranial irradiation in adults with brain tumors preliminary results and promising directions. Semin Oncol 1995 22(5 Suppl 12) 26-32. 

Starting point and promising directions Convergent or cluster strategy Divergent or wildcat strategy... 

In a factorial experiment, a fixed number of levels are selected for each of a number of variables. For a full factorial, experiments that consist of all possible combinations that can be formed from the different factors and their levels are then performed. This approach allows the investigator to study several factors and examine their interactions simultaneously. The object is to obtain a broad picture of the effects of the selected experimental variables and detect major trends that can determine more promising directions for further experimentation. Advantages of a factorial design over single-factor experiments are (1) more than one factor can be varied at a time to allow the examination of interaction effects and (2) the use of all experimental runs in evaluating an effect increases the efficiency of the experiment and provides more complete information. 

In surface studies we are interested only in first-order saddle points since these represent transition states but unlike electronic calculations there may be more than one first-order saddle point of interest. We must therefore develop methods that allow us to guide the search in the more promising directions to catch the different transition states. 

Clear formulation of the requirements of the theory which follow from an analysis of modern observations [62] played a major role in the development of the model of the earliest Universe. A very promising direction was worked out here by A. A. Starobinskii, who inherited from Ya.B. both the formulation of the quantum effect problem (1971) [44 ] and a profound creative interest in cosmology as a whole. 

One of the promising directions for the development of innovative analytical method is the use of electrochemical methods whose speed and on-line capabilities nicely address the trends of automation and continuous processing in the food industry. Recently, devices such as electronic nose and electronic tongue have been proposed for the characterisation and authentication of different type of food products, and also for medical and environmental application. 

In the study of conjugated processes, of special attention are works by Emanuel [5], who has considered conjugated chain reactions to be of great importance and promising directions of radical reactions. Emanuel et al. have implemented detailed studies in this area. In particular, they suggested an effective method of propylene and acetaldehyde conjugated oxidation [6] for a one-stage synthesis of propylene oxide and acetic acid [7],... 

Formaldehyde production from natural gas is one of the most promising directions in modem chemical industry. However, the industrial realization of producing formaldehyde from methane is hampered by severe disadvantages, among which the most important are the low yields of the target product and multiple side reaction products. Therefore, the task in hand is the development of direct selective oxidation of methane to formaldehyde without formation of admixtures, which require additional thorough purification. 

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the researchers, who kindly presented me the reprints of their works. Each of these works has been used, to a greater or a lesser extent, during preparation of this and previous books. I hope that the authors will be tolerant in those cases where my and their own interpretations of the results obtained do not coincide. The future work, the most promising directions of which are outlined in the book, will show whose interpretation is more substantiated. 

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