Acrylic polymers polyacrylamide

Synthetic Petroleum based Acrylic acid polymers Polyacrylamides Alkylene/alkylene... 

Monomer and initiator must be soluble in the liquid and the solvent must have the desired chain-transfer characteristics, boiling point (above the temperature necessary to carry out the polymerization and low enough to allow for ready removal if the polymer is recovered by solvent evaporation). The presence of the solvent assists in heat removal and control (as it also does for suspension and emulsion polymerization systems). Polymer yield per reaction volume is lower than for bulk reactions. Also, solvent recovery and removal (from the polymer) is necessary. Many free radical and ionic polymerizations are carried out utilizing solution polymerization including water-soluble polymers prepared in aqueous solution (namely poly(acrylic acid), polyacrylamide, and poly(A-vinylpyrrolidinone). Polystyrene, poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(vinyl chloride), and polybutadiene are prepared from organic solution polymerizations. 

Acrylic Polymers. Burrows et al. [95] showed by the Integral Procedural Decomposition Temperature (IPDT) method that for main group metal ions -the stabilizing effect in regard to polyacrylamide is inversely proportional to the radius of the metal ion reemphasizing that the strength of the complex between the ion and the polymer is of importance in deciding the stability. 

Synthetic polymers polyolefines (polystyrene, polystyrenedivinylben-zene), acrylic polymers (polyacrylate, polyacrylamide, polymethacrylate, etc.) and others such as polyvinyl alcohols, polyvinyl chloride, polyte-trafluoroethylene, polyamides, polyurethane, silicone, etc. 

Acrylic—Refers to monomers or polymers of acrylic acid (CH2=CHC02H) and its derivatives. Poly(butyl acrylate), poly(methyl methacrylate), polyacrylamide, and polyacrylonitrile are acrylic polymers. 

Eustace, D. J. Siano, D. B. Drake, E. N., "Polymer Compatibility and Interpolymer Association in the Poly(Acrylic Acid)-Polyacrylamide- Water Ternary System," J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 35, 707 (1988). 

Solution polymerization. Solution polymerization involves polymerization of a monomer in a solvent in which both the monomer (reactant) and polymer (product) are soluble. Monomers are polymerized in a solution that can be homogeneous or heterogeneous. Many free radical polymerizations are conducted in solution. Ionic polymerizations are almost exclusively solution processes along with many Ziegler-Natta polymerizations. Important water-soluble polymers that can be prepared in aqueous solution include poly(acrylic acid), polyacrylamide, poly(vinyl alcohol), and poly(iV-vinylpyrrolidinone). Poly(methyl methacrylate), polystyrene, polybutadiene, poly(vinyl chloride), and poly(vinylidene fluoride) can be polymerized in organic solvents. 

Although in pxinciple associative thickenos could be prepared from any water-soluble polymer to which hydrophobic blocks can be attached, only three types are commercially available at present hydrophobe-modified polyfetl lene oxide), hydrophobe-modified alkali-soluble acrylic polymers, and hydrophobe-modified hydroxyethyl cellulose. However, the literature contains reports on other types, including hydrophobe-modified polyacrylamide [103], hydrophobe-modified hydroxypropyl guar [104], and a hydrophobe-modified cationic cellulose... 

Uses Organic intermediate crosslinking agent for superabsorbent polymers, polyacrylamide, acrylic resins... 

The evolving molecules of HCl can react with macromolecules or macroradicals of the other components of blends, which can lead to a destabilization as well as to a stabilization of the blends. The presence of PVC in a blend induces destabilization, and then a more rapid degradation, in other polymers such as poly (vinyl acetate) (PVA). In its turn, its degradation rate increases in the presence of PVA, polyacrylamide (PAM), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), chlorinated rubber, etc. On the contrary, in a few cases, stabilization to some extent is achieved by PVC blended with PAN and some acrylic polymers. 

More recently, in the last 25 years, it has become increasingly apparent that, in addition to the major commodity synthetic plastics, water-soluble commodity and specialty polymers and plastics, such as poly(acrylic acids), polyacrylamide, poly(vinyl alcohol), poly(aIkylene oxides), and even some modified natural polymers, for example, cellulosics and starch, may potentially contribute to environmental problems and should also be targets for biodegradable substitutes. 

Several water-soluble polymers are known which are stable in the solid state but will biodegrade once they are dissolved. These include both synthetic and natural polymers, such as polyvinyl alcohol, cellulose esters and ethers, acrylic acid polymers, polyacrylamides, and... 

Of particular interest are the ternary systems of ethylcellulose dissolved in a mixed solvent (acrylic acid - water or acrylic acid - glacial acetic acid) and ethylcellulose/ acrylic acid solution blended with a flexible polymer, polyacrylamide. The conclusions of these studies is that, for cellulosic liquid crystals application, the morphology and optical properties of lyotropic liquid crystals can be adjusted by solvent mixing and blending with other polymers. 

Polymeric nanoparticles are nanoparticles, which are prepared from polymers. Polymeric nanoparticles forms (1) the micronization of a material into nanoparticles and (2) the stabilization of the resultant nanoparticles [8]. As for the micronization, one can start with either small monomers or a bulk polymer. The dmg is dissolved, entrapped, encapsulated or attached to a nanoparticles and one can obtain different nanoparticles, nanospheres or nanocapsules according to methods of preparation [9]. Gums, Gelatin Sodium alginate Albumin are used for polymer based drag delivery. Polymeric nanoparticles are prepared by Cellulosics, Poly(2-hydroxy ethyl methacrylate), Poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone), Poly(vinyl alcohol), Poly(methyl methacrylate), Poly(acrylic acid). Polyacrylamide, Poly(ethylene-co-vi-nyl acetate) like polymeric materials. Polymer used in drag delivery must have following qualities like it should be chemically inert, non-toxic and free of leachable impurities [10]. 

Up to now, poly(methyl methacrylate) and methyl methacrylate copolymers e.g. with styrene, butyl acrylate and dodecyl methacrylate) have been the most widely used acrylic polymers for nanocomposite preparation by emulsion and suspension polymerization. Less research has been based on other acrylic polymers, such as polyacrylonitrile, poly(butyl acrylate), " poly(butyl methacrylate), poly(2-ethylhexyl acrylate), poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate), polyacrylamide, poly(lauryl acrylate)," poly(butyl acrylate-co-styrene)," " poly(acrylonitrile-co-styrene), poly(acrylonitrile-co-meth-acrylate)," poly(ethyl acrylate-co-2-ethylhexyl acrylate)" and poly(2-ethylhexyl acrylate-co-acrylic acid)," and sometimes small amounts of hydophilic acrylic monomers, such as hydroxyethyl methacrylate, methacrylic acid and acrylic acid, have been used as comonomers. " Therefore, it may be stated that, so far, the preparation of acrylic-clay nanocomposites has been based mainly on high glass transition temperature polymers, although nanocomposite materials with lower glass transition temperatures with improved or novel properties, which exhibit a balance of previous antagonistic properties, can also be achieved and are very desirable. Regarding nanocomposites of low glass transition temperature polymers, such as poly(butyl acrylate), poly(ethyl acrylate) and poly(2-ethylhexyl acrylate), which have been utilized as the main components of acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesives, little information is available. 

In previous works [18-20,23,102] water-soluble polymers such as polyacrylamide (pAM), polysodium acrylate (pAA Na), poly(acrylamide-sodium acrylate) (pAM-AA Na), poly(acrylamide-diallyethylamine-hy-drochloride) (pAM-DAEA-HCl), and poly(acrylamide-sodium acrylate-diallyethylamine-hydrochloride) (pAM-AANa-DAEA-HCl) were used in the recovery of cations and some radioactive isotopes from aqueous solutions. It was found that the floe is formed between the added polymer and ions of the solution in the flocculation process with the formation of a crosslinked structure. The formed cross-linked structure is characterized by [103-105] ... 

Acrylic textile fibers are primarily polymers of acrylonitrile. It is copolymerized with styrene and butadiene to make moldable plastics known as SA and ABS resins, respectively. Solutia and others electrolytically dimerize it to adiponitrile, a compound used to make a nylon intermediate. Reaction with water produces a chemical (acrylamide), which is an intermediate for the production of polyacrylamide used in water treatment and oil recovery. 

Polymers of acrylic acid and methacrylic acid have been tested for their gel-formation ability [1396]. They are used with gel-forming additives similar to those described for polyacrylamides. Also, mixtures of latex with methacrylate-methacrylic acid copolymer as an additive have been described as plugging agents [1041]. 

Many synthetic water-soluble polymers are easily analyzed by GPC. These include polyacrylamide,130 sodium poly(styrenesulfonate),131 and poly (2-vinyl pyridine).132 An important issue in aqueous GPC of synthetic polymers is the effect of solvent conditions on hydrodynamic volume and therefore retention. Ion inclusion and ion exclusion effects may also be important. In one interesting case, samples of polyacrylamide in which the amide side chain was partially hydrolyzed to generate a random copolymer of acrylic acid and acrylamide exhibited pH-dependent GPC fractionation.130 At a pH so low that the side chain would be expected to be protonated, hydrolyzed samples eluted later than untreated samples, perhaps suggesting intramolecular hydrogen bonding. At neutral pH, the hydrolyzed samples eluted earlier than untreated samples, an effect that was ascribed to enlargement... 

Hydrolysis of amide groups to carboxylate is a major cause of instability in acrylamide-based polymers, especially at alkaline pH and high temperatures. The performance of oil-recovery polymers may be adversely affected by excessive hydrolysis, which can promote precipitation from sea water solution. This work has studied the effects of the sodium salts of acrylic acid and AMPS, 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid, as comonomers, on the rate of hydrolysis of polyacrylamides in alkaline solution at high temperatures. Copolymers were prepared containing from 0-53 mole % of the anionic comonomers, and hydrolyzed in aqueous solution at pH 8.5 at 90°C, 108°C and 120°C. The extent of hydrolysis was measured by a conductometric method, analyzing for the total carboxylate content. 

The hydrolysis of polyacrylamide and acrylamide/sodium acrylate copolymers has been extensively studied [1,2,3,5,6,7,8,-9,10], in relatively strongly alkaline conditions, above pH 12. These studies demonstrated that the hydrolysis of the amide groups is hydroxide-catalyzed and that neighboring ionized carboxyl groups in the polymer inhibit the hydrolysis by electrostatic repulsion of the hydroxide ions. Senju et al. [6] showed that at temperatures up to 100°C, there is an apparent limit to the extent of hydrolysis of polacrylamide when approximately 60% of the amide groups are hydrolyzed. 

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