Other Acrylic Polymers

Latices of butadiene-methyl methacrylate copolymer have been used in paper and board finishes. 

Terpolymers based on methyl methacrylate, butadiene and styrene (MBS) have been increasingly used in recent years both as tough transparent plastics materials in themselves and as additives for PVC (see also Chapters 12 and 16). 

Mention may also be made here of a number of polyfunctional compounds such as allyl methacrylate and glycol dimethacrylates which have been used to produce a cross-linked sheet of enhanced heat resistance compared with conventional poly(methyl methacrylate). Some manufacturers supply the sheet in an incompletely cross-linked state which allows a limited amount of forming after which the sheet may be further heated to complete the cure. 

Sheet from poly(methyl a-chloroacrylate) has also been available. This material has a higher softening point than poly(methyl methacrylate). It is, however, expensive, difficult to obtain in a water-white form and the monomer is most unpleasant to handle. It is because of these disadvantageous features that the polymer is believed to be no longer commercially available. 

A number of acrylic polymers other than those already described have been produced but these are not generally of interest as plastics materials 

Poly(methyl acrylate) is water-sensitive and, unlike the corresponding methacrylate, is attacked by alkalis. This polymer and some of the lower acrylate polymers are used in leather finishing and as a textile size. 

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Since this pioneering work a number of IPNs have been prepared. Poly(styrene) has been used as the second network polymer in conjunction with several other polymers, including poly(ethyl acrylate), poly(n-butyl acrylate), styrene-butadiene, and castor oil. Polyurethanes have been used to form IPNs with poly(methyl methacrylate), other acrylic polymers, and with epoxy resins. 

Tlie use of polymer blends has been a very important approach in the development of new materials for evolving applications, as it is less costly than developing new polymers. The compatibility of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) with various polymers has been comprehensively evaluated and has led to useful applications in coatings and films. Poly(methyl methacrylate) has been the most studied compatible polymer with PVDF owing to cost and performance advantages. Other acrylic polymers such as poly(ethyl methacrylate), poly(methyl acrylate), and poly(ethyl acrylate) have also been found to be compatible with PVDF. ... 

For polystyrene fractions in diethyl phthalate solution (30000average value of 1.6 x 10 18 ( 50%). In dilute solution e/36M is 1.27 x 10 18 for polystyrene (21). No systematic variations with concentration, molecular weight or temperature were apparent, the scatter of the data being mainly attributable to the experimental difficulties of the diffusion measurements. The value of Drj/cRT for an undiluted tagged fraction of polyfn-butyl acrylate) m pure polymer was found to be 2.8 x 10 18. The value of dilute solution data for other acrylate polymers (34). Thus, transport behavior, like the scattering experiments, supports random coil configuration in concentrated systems, with perhaps some small expansion beyond 6-dimensions. 

The properties of thermosetting and thermoplastic resin systems are continually improved to meet increasing performance requirements of end users. One way to enhance material properties is to incorporate nano-modifiers, based on elastomeric silicone particles, which are optionally grafted with other (acrylic) polymers to control dispersibility, viscosity, and other parameters. As an example, epoxy resin formulations have been modified with silicone nanospheres to improve low-stress behavior. Table 1 shows the outstanding fracture toughness improvement of silicone coreshell nanospheres, even at very low particle loading levels. 

Use Monomer for polyacrylic and polymethacrylic acids and other acrylic polymers. 

A similar temperature dependence of the decay profile was also observed for benzophenone phosphorescence in other acrylic polymers (28) and in polystyrene (PS) and polycarbonate (PC) (29). 

In terms of clarity, though, there is a notable advantage when using a HASE polymer in place of other acrylic polymers. Clarity is measured as the optical density, and from Table 5.2 the better clarity of the surfactants thickened with the HASE polymer is apparent. An optical density of 0.05 or less can be considered clear, and between 0.05 and 0.075 as showing a very slight haze. Above a value of 0.1 a loss of clarity becomes easily apparent. 

Trimethylbicyclo-(2.2.1)hept-2-yl methacrylate. Monomers when cured providing hardness, low shrinkage, abrasion resistance, heat and water resistance, good weatherability in automotive coatings, electronics, adhesives, and other acrylic polymers. Liquid mp = -60° bp = 245° djfl = 0.983. Rhine Poulenc Surfactants Rit-Chem. 

The primary uses are as a monomer for polyacryfic and polymethacryfic acids and other acrylic polymers. The structure and molecular formula for acrylic acid are shown in Figure 10.7. 

Data from a variety of sources on the dependence of MFT on composition for copolymers of MMA or S with EA or BA is accumulated in Figure 18.3. These may be used as a starting point for developing a desired polymer composition. Some data for other acrylic polymer compositions are available [54,55] in the absence of such information, the glass transition temperature can be used as an initial proximation for MFT. 

Intraocular lenses PMMA and other acrylic polymers Numerous manufacturers 110[... 

The thermal behavior and the sphemlitic morphology of PEO/PMMA have been widely explored by many authors (Li and Hsu, 1984 Martuscelli et al., 1986 Silvestre et al., 1987 Talibuddin et al., 1996 Martuscelli et al., 1987 Schantz, 1997). Other than the extensively documented PEO/PMMA system, no other acrylate polymers like poly(propyl methacrylate (PPMA), poly(butyl methacrylate) (PBMA), poly(cyclohexyl methacrylate) (PCMA), and so on are recognized for their miscibility with PEO, and until recently, poly (phenyl methacrylate) (PPhMA) (Woo et al., 2000), poly (benzyl methacrylate) (PBzMA) (Mandal et al., 2000), poly(n-butyl methacrylate) (PnBMA) (Shafee and Ueda, 2002), PMA... 

Resins used with PMMA include NC and CAB, other acrylic polymers and some vinyl polymers. The use of compatible resins with molecular weights in the medium to low range (1000-30000) can increase substantially the solids of a lacquer at application viscosity. 

Increasing the side chain length from methyl to ethyl, that is, from PMMA to PEMA alters some of the details for the a and )3 processes but the results, hence the interpretations, are similar. PMA is also similar to these two polymers, hence the interpretation is similar. No other acrylic polymer listed in Table I exhibits a )3 or glass phase process. This point is verified by the refractive indices (17) listed in Table I. Squaring 17 with or without some allowance for atomic polarization is similar if not the same as the e, for the other methacrylates. This agreement suggests that there are no higher frequency relaxation processes. 

Other acryl polymers used for orthopaedic applications include poly(n-butyl methacrylate) (PBMA), characterized by lower exothermic effect, higher fracture toughness and superior fatigue life as well as lower toxicity to soft tissue and dental pulp [121], and poly(hydroxyethylmethacrylate) (PHEMA), which shows enhanced biocompatibility [122]. 

Up to now, poly(methyl methacrylate) and methyl methacrylate copolymers e.g. with styrene, butyl acrylate and dodecyl methacrylate) have been the most widely used acrylic polymers for nanocomposite preparation by emulsion and suspension polymerization. Less research has been based on other acrylic polymers, such as polyacrylonitrile, poly(butyl acrylate), " poly(butyl methacrylate), poly(2-ethylhexyl acrylate), poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate), polyacrylamide, poly(lauryl acrylate)," poly(butyl acrylate-co-styrene)," " poly(acrylonitrile-co-styrene), poly(acrylonitrile-co-meth-acrylate)," poly(ethyl acrylate-co-2-ethylhexyl acrylate)" and poly(2-ethylhexyl acrylate-co-acrylic acid)," and sometimes small amounts of hydophilic acrylic monomers, such as hydroxyethyl methacrylate, methacrylic acid and acrylic acid, have been used as comonomers. " Therefore, it may be stated that, so far, the preparation of acrylic-clay nanocomposites has been based mainly on high glass transition temperature polymers, although nanocomposite materials with lower glass transition temperatures with improved or novel properties, which exhibit a balance of previous antagonistic properties, can also be achieved and are very desirable. Regarding nanocomposites of low glass transition temperature polymers, such as poly(butyl acrylate), poly(ethyl acrylate) and poly(2-ethylhexyl acrylate), which have been utilized as the main components of acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesives, little information is available. 

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