Acrylic anionic surfactants

The development of monoalkyl phosphate as a low skin irritating anionic surfactant is accented in a review with 30 references on monoalkyl phosphate salts, including surface-active properties, cutaneous effects, and applications to paste and liquid-type skin cleansers, and also phosphorylation reactions from the viewpoint of industrial production [26]. Amine salts of acrylate ester polymers, which are physiologically acceptable and useful as surfactants, are prepared by transesterification of alkyl acrylate polymers with 4-morpholinethanol or the alkanolamines and fatty alcohols or alkoxylated alkylphenols, and neutralizing with carboxylic or phosphoric acid. The polymer salt was used as an emulsifying agent for oils and waxes [70]. Preparation of pharmaceutical liposomes with surfactants derived from phosphoric acid is described in [279]. Lipid bilayer vesicles comprise an anionic or zwitterionic surfactant which when dispersed in H20 at a temperature above the phase transition temperature is in a micellar phase and a second lipid which is a single-chain fatty acid, fatty acid ester, or fatty alcohol which is in an emulsion phase, and cholesterol or a derivative. 

Gilsonite is active as a fluid loss additive because the permeability of cement is reduced. Latex additives also act as fluid loss additives. They also act as bonding aids, gas migration preventers, and matrix intensifiers. They improve the elasticity of the cement and the resistance to corrosive fluids [921]. A styrene-butadiene latex in combination with nonionic and anionic surfactants shows less fluid loss. The styrene-butadiene latex is added in an amount up to 30% by weight of the dry cement. The ratio of styrene to butadiene in the latex is typically 2 1. In addition, a nonionic surfactant (octylphenol ethoxylate and polyethylene oxide) or an anionic surfactant, a copolymer of maleic anhydride, and 2-hydroxypropyl acrylate [719] can be added in amounts up to 2%. 

CE has been used for the analysis of anionic surfactants [946,947] and can be considered as complementary to HPLC for the analysis of cationic surfactants with advantages of minimal solvent consumption, higher efficiency, easy cleaning and inexpensive replacement of columns and the ability of fast method development by changing the electrolyte composition. Also the separation of polystyrene sulfonates with polymeric additives by CE has been reported [948]. Moreover, CE has also been used for the analysis of polymeric water treatment additives, such as acrylic acid copolymer flocculants, phosphonates, low-MW acids and inorganic anions. The technique provides for analyst time-savings and has lower detection limits and improved quantification for determination of anionic polymers, compared to HPLC. 

When scouring synthetic fibres that are to be dyed with disperse dyes, nonionic scouring agents are best avoided unless they are formulated to have a high cloud point and are known not to adversely affect the dispersion properties of the dyes. Conversely, when scouring acrylic fibres, anionic surfactants should be avoided [156] because they are liable to interfere with the subsequent application of basic dyes. These fibres are usually scoured with an ethoxylated alcohol, either alone or with a mild alkali such as sodium carbonate or a phosphate. 

Recent investigations have shown that the behavior and interactions of surfactants in a polyvinyl acetate latex are quite different and complex compared to that in a polystyrene latex (1, 2). Surfactant adsorption at the fairly polar vinyl acetate latex surface is generally weak (3,4) and at times shows a complex adsorption isotherm (2). Earlier work (5,6) has also shown that anionic surfactants adsorb on polyvinyl acetate, then slowly penetrate into the particle leading to the formation of a poly-electroyte type solubilized polymer-surfactant complex. Such a solubilization process is generally accompanied by an increase in viscosity. The first objective of this work is to better under-stand the effects of type and structure of surfactants on the solubilization phenomena in vinyl acetate and vinyl acetate-butyl acrylate copolymer latexes. 

ANIONIC SURFACTANTS STUDIED IN VINYL ACRYLIC LATEXES 07)... 

Latex thickening in the presence of penetrating type anionic surfactants such as NaLS appears to depend on polymer composition as seen in Table III. The extent of latex thickening in the presence of excess NaLS decreases with the VA content of a vinyl acetate-butyl acrylate copolymer. Polystyrene and poly acrylate copolymer latexes do not show any thickening. 

Formation of solubilized surfactant-latex complexes can influence the properties and performance of vinyl acrylic latexes prepared with NaLS and other penetrating type anionic surfactants. Such complexes seem to affect glass transition temperature and film coalescence process (12). 

Our results on the interactions of anionic surfactants in vinyl acrylic latexes can be summarized as follows ... 

Lower molecular weight (300-800) anionic surfactants such as NaLS and Alipal EP-110 adsorb at a vinyl acrylic latex in a complex C-type adsorption isotherm, leading to penetration and solubilization of latex. 

The surfactants used in the emulsion polymerization of acrylic monomers are classified as anionic, cationic, or nonionic. Anionic surfactants, such as salts of alkyl sulfates and alkylarene sulfates and phosphates, or nonionic surfactants, such as alkyl or aryl polyoxyethylenes, are most common (87,98—101). Mixed anionic—nonionic surfactant systems are also widely utilized (102—105). 

Since the product here contains ionic and nonionic groups, it will be an anionic surfactant. Such materials, which are always formed in persulfate-initiated emulsion polymerizations, have been termed in situ surfactants. Their nature has not been studied extensively. In one study, of the polymerization of a 64 36 (w/w) methyl methacrylate butyl acrylate copolymer in the presence of a chain transfer... 

Toothpastes, powders, and tooth liquids contain calcium phosphates, alumina, abradants, and anionic surfactants. Mouthwashes usually contain alcohol, flavoring (essential oils), and sweeteners. (For mouthwash toxicity information, see section on Colognes, Perfumes, Toilet Waters.) Denture cleaners contain bicarbonates, borates, phosphates, and carbonates. (For toxicity information on borates, see section on Hair-Waving Products.) Acrylic denture material contains methacrylate. 

Light-duty or gel dishwashing compositions containing an alkyl ether sulfate-based anionic surfactant, polyhydroxy fatty acid amide nonionic surfactant, suds boosters/stabilizers, aqueous liquid carrier, pH control agent, and acrylic copolymer thickener are disclosed in U.S. Patent 6,274,539. Viscosity as determined... 

The above guidelines for the acrylic rheology modifiers are most useful in simple systems that are mainly water. However, in more complex matrices such as many finished formulations the situation can be very different. Both the carbomer and the cross-polymer type of rheology modifier are very sensitive to the presence of electrolytes, and this has a dramatic effect on the efficiency of the polymer, as well as on clarity. It is frequently found that in systems containing electrolytes, be they inorganic salts or anionic surfactants, the efficiency of a crosslinked ASE... 

The copolymer of acrylamide and ammonium acrylate is used to build viscosity in rinse cycle fabric softeners. This polymer is compatible with nonionic and most cationic surfactants that are used in fabric softener formulations. The polymer is incompatible with anionic surfactants and strong oxidizing agents, and it is sensitive to electrolytes. An example of other cationic polymers useful as thickeners for aqueous acid solutions is described in patent application EP 395282 [24],... 

HASE (hydrophobically modified alkali-swellable emulsion, discussed in Chapters 25 and 28) and HEUR thickeners are readily displaced from acrylic latex surfaces (32) by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). A surface-active cellulose ether was also reported (33) to desorb from monodispersed poly(styrene) latices with SDS addition. In these studies, the relative critical micelle concentrations of the anionic surfactant and thickener appear to be more important than buffering of surface charges. 

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