Polymeric water treatment additives

CE has been used for the analysis of anionic surfactants [946,947] and can be considered as complementary to HPLC for the analysis of cationic surfactants with advantages of minimal solvent consumption, higher efficiency, easy cleaning and inexpensive replacement of columns and the ability of fast method development by changing the electrolyte composition. Also the separation of polystyrene sulfonates with polymeric additives by CE has been reported [948]. Moreover, CE has also been used for the analysis of polymeric water treatment additives, such as acrylic acid copolymer flocculants, phosphonates, low-MW acids and inorganic anions. The technique provides for analyst time-savings and has lower detection limits and improved quantification for determination of anionic polymers, compared to HPLC. 

Amine sulfide terminal moieties can be imparted into vinyl polymers by using aminethiols as chain transfer agents in aqueous radical polymerization [1182]. The polymers are useful as mineral dispersants. Other uses are as water-treatment additives for boiler waters, cooling towers, reverse osmosis applications, and geothermal processes and oil wells and as detergent additives... 

Environmental applications of HRP include immunoassays for pesticide detection and the development of methods for waste water treatment and detoxification. Examples of the latter include removal of aromatic amines and phenols from waste water (280-282), and phenols from coal-conversion waters (283). A method for the removal of chlorinated phenols from waste water using immobilised HRP has been reported (284). Additives such as polyethylene glycol can increase the efficiency of peroxidase-catalyzed polymerization and precipitation of substituted phenols and amines in waste or drinking water (285). The enzyme can also be used in biobleaching reactions, for example, in the decolorization of bleach plant effluent (286). 

Acrylic acid is almost exclusively used directly, or after conversion to an ester, as a monomer. Acrylate esters are produced by normal esterification processes. However, in dealing with acrylic acid, acrolein, or acrylates, unusual care must be taken to minimize losses due to polymerization and other side reactions such as additions of water, acids, or alcohols across the reactive double bond. Polyacrylic acids find use in superabsorbers, dispersants, and water treatment. The polyesters are used in surface coatings, textile fibers, adhesives, and various other applications. 

More recently, some review artieles have appeared in which several applications of Mannich bases in the pharmaceutical field - and in other industries,such as those connected with maeromolccular chemistry, arc described. However, no general, complete overview of the widespread practical applications of Mannich bases has been published so far, despite their connections with important branches of industrial organic chemistry. Although the most relevant contribution of the Mannich reaction is still in pharmaceutical research (over 30% of the scientific papers published on this subject are found in journals dealing with pharmaceutical chemistry), Mannich bases have been found to have important uses in the manufacture of polymeric materials (resins and, in particular, surface coatings) and in the production of various additives and auxiliaries (for lubricants, textiles, paper, etc.) as well as, for example, in the production of water-treatment agents. 

Uses Acrylic resin comonomer polymer modifier for optical lens systems, adhesives, floor polishes, vinyl polymerization, anaerobic adhesives, food pkg. azo or peroxide catalyst dental resins encapsulation of electronic assemblies prod, of coatings, lubricant additives, photographic reproductive toners, water treatment and textile chems. Manuf/Distrib. Aldrich CPS Fiuka Monomer-Polymer Dajac Labs ... 

Properties M.w. 210.32 dens. 0.930 m.p. -15 C b.p. 79 C (1 mm) flash pt. (CC)208 E ref. index 1.4560 Toxicology Irritant possible sensitizer TSCA listed Uses Monomer for prod, of paints/coatings, adhesives, sealants, lubricant additives, photographic reproductive toners, water treatment and textile chems. solution/emulsion polymerization and copolymerization Manuf./Distrib. Aldrich... 

Uses Monomer for prod, of paints/coatings, adhesives, sealants, lubricant additives, photographic reproductive toners, water treatment and textile chems. solution/emulsion polymerization and copolymerization... 

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