Acrylic acid liquid

CHjlCH COOH. Colourless liquid having an odour resembling that of ethanoic acid m.p. 13 C, b.p. I4I°C. Prepared by oxidizing propenal with moist AgO or treating -hy-droxypropionitrile with sulphuric acid. Slowly converted to a resin at ordinary temperatures. Important glass-like resins are now manufactured from methyl acrylate, see acrylic resins. Propenoic acid itself can also be polymerized to important polymers - see acrylic acid polymers. 

The liquid phase reaction of ethylene with carbon monoxide and oxygen over a Pd VCu " catalyst system produces acrylic acid. The yield based on ethylene is about 85%. Reaction conditions are approximately 140°C and 75 atmospheres ... 

Acrylic acid is usually esterified to acrylic esters by adding an esterification reactor. The reaction occurs in the liquid phase over an ion exchange resin catalyst. 

Isopropyl acrylate is produced by an acid catalyzed addition reaction of acrylic acid to propylene. The reaction occurs in the liquid phase at about100°C ... 

There are numerous applications where the development of high viscosity is necessary in a finished product. For example, thickeners, mainly based on poly(acrylic acid), are used to give body to so-called emulsion paints. Emulsion paints are not formulated from true emulsions (Le. stable dispersions of organic liquids in water), but are prepared from latexes, that is, dispersions of polymer in water. Since latexes do not contain soluble polymers, they have a viscosity almost the same as pure water. As such, they would not sustain a pigment dispersion, but would allow it to settle they would also fail to flow out adequately when painted on to a surface. Inclusion of a thickener in the formulation gives a paint in which the pigment does not settle out and which can readily be applied by brush to a surface. 

Other uses of thickening agents include pharmaceutical preparations, paper production, and oil well drilling fluids. This latter use is necessary because oil is obtained from rock that is porous. In order to remove the oil without altering the mechanical properties of the porous rock, viscous liquids ( drilling fluids ) are pumped into the rock to replace the oil. Among the substances that can be used for this purpose are thickened aqueous solutions of polymers such as poly(acrylic acid) or poly(acrylonitrile). 

The liquid is usually a 30-43 % solution of a poly(alkenoic add) which is a homopolymer of acrylic acid or a copolymer with itaconic acid, maleic add, or 3-butene 1,2,3-tricarboxylic add (Smith, 1969 Bertenshaw Combe, 1972a Jurecic, 1973 ESPE, 1975 Wilson, 1975b Suzaki, 1976 Crisp, Lewis Wilson, 1976a Crisp Wilson, 1974c, 1977 Crisp et al., 1980). The method of preparation has already been given in Section 5.3, and the structures of these alkenoic add units are shown in Figure 5.1. The molecular mass of these polyadds varies from 22000 to 49000... 

Cement-forming liquid 45 % poly(acrylic acid)... 

The poly(alkenoic acid)s used in glass polyalkenoate cement are generally similar to those used in zinc polycarboxylate cements. They are homopolymers of acrylic acid and its copolymers with itaconic add, maleic add and other monomers e.g. 3-butene 1,2,3-tricarboxylic add. They have already been described in Section 5.3. The poly(acrylic add) is not always contained in the liquid. Sometimes the dry add is blended with glass powder and the cement is activated by mixing with water or an aqueous solution of tartaric add (McLean, Wilson Prosser, 1984 Prosser et al., 1984). 

The chemistry of polyelectrolyte cement liquids has been studied using NMR. Watts (1979) used this technique to distinguish between the homopolymer of acrylic acid and its copolymer with itaconic acid in various commercial polyelectrolyte dental cements. This was readily achieved because of the ability of NMR to differentiate between carbon atoms in chemical environments that are only slightly different. 

Acrylic acid (Propenoic acid, propene acid) CH2 CHCOOH 54 - 1.1 2.5 140 Colourless, Water soluble liquid Freezing point 14°C Polymerizes readily with oxygen Must be inhibited... 

Rhodium-catalyzed enantioselective hydrogenation of acctamido -cinnamic in water was also achieved using pyrphos bound to poly-acrylic acid as ligand.337 Roucoux described some Rh° nanoparticles which function as reusable hydrogenation catalyst for arene derivatives in a biphasic water-liquid system.338... 

In 1968, a French Patent issued to the Sumitomo Chemical Company disclosed the polymerization of several vinyl monomers in C02 [84], The United States version of this patent was issued in 1970, when Fukui and coworkers demonstrated the precipitation polymerization of several hydrocarbon monomers in liquid and supercritical C02 [85], As examples of this methodology, they demonstrated the preparation of the homopolymers PVC, PS, poly(acrylonitrile) (PAN), poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), and poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc). In addition, they prepared the random copolymers PS-co-PMMA and PVC-co-PVAc. In 1986, the BASF Corporation was issued a Canadian Patent for the preparation of polymer powders through the precipitation polymerization of monomers in carbon dioxide at superatmospheric pressures [86], Monomers which were polymerized as examples in this patent included 2-hydroxyethylacrylate and iV-vinylcarboxamides such as iV-vinyl formamide and iV-vinyl pyrrolidone. 

The nonsaturated esters with tt-C=C bonds and without activated a-C—H bonds (esters of acrylic acid (CH2=CHCOOR) and esters of vinyl alcohols (RC(0)0CH=CH2)) are oxidized by the chain mechanism with chain propagation via the addition of peroxyl radicals to the double bond. Oligomeric peroxides are formed as primary products of this chain reaction. The kinetic scheme includes the following steps in the presence of initiator I and at p02 sufficient to support [02] > 10 4 mol L-1 in the liquid phase [49]. 

Much emphasis has been placed in recent times on easily recoverable liquid bi-phasic catalysts, including metal clusters in nonconventional solvents. For instance, aqueous solutions of the complexes [Ru3(CO)12.x(TPPTS)x] (x=l, 2, 3 TPPTS = triphenylphosphine-trisulfonate, P(m-C6H4S03Na)3) catalyze the hydrogenation of simple alkenes (1-octene, cyclohexene, styrene) at 60°C and 60 bar H2 at TOF up to 500 h 1 [24], while [Ru i(CO)C (TPPMS) >,] (TPPMS = triphenylphos-phine-monosulfonate, PPh2(m-C6H4S03Na) is an efficient catalyst precursor for the aqueous hydrogenation of the C=C bond of acrylic acid (TOF 780 h 1 at 40 °C and 3 bar H2) and other activated alkenes [25]. The same catalysts proved to be poorly active in room temperature ionic liquids such as [bmim][BF4] (bmim= Tbutyl-3-methylimidazolium). No details about the active species involved are known at this point. 

Meyer, C., Pascui, O., Reichert, D., Sander, L.C., Wise, S.A., and Albert, K., Conformational temperature dependence of a poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid) stationary-phase investigated by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and liquid chromatography, J. Sep. Set, 29, 820, 2006. 

Well, not quite. First, they sound similar because at one time, one of them, acrylonitrile, was based solely on manufacture from acrolein, a pungent liquid whose roots in Latin are aca- meaning sharp, and oiere, meaning smell. Acrylonitrile was made from acrolein, and acrylates were derivatives of acrylonitrile. But acrylates also are made from acrylic acid, which is also a derivative of acrylonitrile. So the name, acrylo, covers an extended farnily of relations. 

A number of flammable liquids and gases used in processing facilities are stored in refrigerated vessels. Common among these are liquefied gases, such as liquefied natural gas (LNG) and anhydrous ammonia, and a number of reactive or self-polymerizing liquids, such as acrylic acid and organic peroxides. 

Monomer and initiator must be soluble in the liquid and the solvent must have the desired chain-transfer characteristics, boiling point (above the temperature necessary to carry out the polymerization and low enough to allow for ready removal if the polymer is recovered by solvent evaporation). The presence of the solvent assists in heat removal and control (as it also does for suspension and emulsion polymerization systems). Polymer yield per reaction volume is lower than for bulk reactions. Also, solvent recovery and removal (from the polymer) is necessary. Many free radical and ionic polymerizations are carried out utilizing solution polymerization including water-soluble polymers prepared in aqueous solution (namely poly(acrylic acid), polyacrylamide, and poly(A-vinylpyrrolidinone). Polystyrene, poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(vinyl chloride), and polybutadiene are prepared from organic solution polymerizations. 

METHYL ACRYLATE Acrylic Acid,methyl ester, Methyl 2-propenoate Flammable Liquid, 11 2 3 2 ... 

A hydrogel placed in an excess of water will absorb the liquid until it reaches a maximum. This ability is typically reported as the percent water in a fully swollen gel. The hydrophilicity of the polymer and the degree of cross-linking determine the degree to which the gel will absorb. Some hydrogels contain as much as 99% water. An acrylic acid gel will have a higher equilibrium moisture than a polyvinyl alcohol gel. This characteristic is not unlike the hydrodynamic volume factor described above. 

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