Acrylate polymer table

Acrylics. Acrylic resins are the most widely used polymers in the paint and coating industry. The two principal forms of acrylic used in surface coatings are thermoplastic and thermoset. Thermoplastics form a film by the evaporation of the solvent present in the coating formation. Thermosets are cured at ambient or elevated temperatures by reacting them with other polymers. The following monomers are generally used in the synthesis of acrylic polymers (Table 7.6) [10]. 

Structure. For example, acrylic acid in an acrylate polymer is not tolerated as well as methacrylic acid. For acrylate polymers in TFiF, approximate levels of some polar monomers are shown in Table 19.1. 

However, the starting decomposition temperature of films modified with the acrylic polymer decreased with 60-80°C (Table IV), but the thermal resistance remained in practical limits. 

The poor adhesion of carboxymethylcellulose to synthetic fibres means that where such fibres are present, it can only be effective in combination with a synthetic size polymer (Table 10.6). This needs to be taken into account when considering suitable desizing procedures. If this cellulose derivative is to be used in conjunction with an electrolyte-sensitive acrylic acid copolymer, it is advisable to choose a salt-free carboxymethylcellulose. 

Table 10.49 Oil and water repellency of cotton fabrics treated with perfluorinated acrylic polymers [502]...

Acrylonitrile (Figure 9) shows two periods of almost constant but different absolute reaction rates, followed by a period of first-order reaction rate at a high conversion. This monomer is somewhat similar to vinylidene chloride since it also does not swell in its own polymer. On the other hand acrylonitrile has a water solubility roughly three orders of magnitude higher than vinylidene chloride or styrene and even higher than methyl acrylate (see Table I). We therefore have to assume particle formation in the aqueous phase, as was done for methyl acrylate emulsions. 

Table 12.1 Monomers for Acrylonitrile/Styrene/Acrylate Polymers...

In agreement with the data on poly-a-olefins and poly-vinyl-ethers having the side chain asymmetric carbon atoms in the y-position with respect to the main chain, stereoregularity does not exert a remarkable influence on the rotatory power of poly-acrylates and poly-methacrylates. In fact, according to the quantitative data reported by H. Sobue, K. Matsuzaki, S. Nakano (135), and to the qualitative indications given by Liu, Szuty and Ullmann (64), concerning respectively poly-menthyl-meth-acrylate and poly-(l-methyl-benzyl)-methaciylate, the specific optical activity of the polymers does not vary by more than 30% when varying, within a wide interval, the isotactic triads content of the polymers (Table 18). 

To a targe extent, the properties of acrylic ester polymers (Table 1) depend on the nature of the alcohol radical and the molecular weight of the polymer. As is typical of polymeric systems, the mechanical properties of acrylic polymers improve as molecular weight is increased however, beyond a critical molecular weight, which often is about 100,000 to 200,000 for amorphous polymers, the improvement is slight and levels off asymptotically. 

The diad fractions have been determined as a function of polymerization temperature for many vinyl and acryl polymers. Many values of (AH. — Aff ) and (AS. — A) can thus be calculated (see the compilation of Elias and Goeldi for 85 monomer/solvent pairs). It is interesting that many negative differences (AS. — ASf/8 ) can be found for a given system monomer/solvent (Table III), but only a few negative values of (AH, . — AHf/g). Most negative is the (A— AHf/g ) for the polymerization of vinyl chloride in bulk (see Table II). All other values of (AH. — AH /g) are higher than zero or at least nearly zero. 

Effect of Water. It was observed quite by accident that addition of a small amount of water increased the conversion of N,N-dimethyl-aminoethyl methacrylate or the corresponding acrylate into block polymers (Table IX). On the other hand, acrylates such as methyl meth-... 

This class of additives covers a broad range from butadiene to acrylic polymers. Since these additives are polymeric in nature, diffuse reflection will occur at the polymer-modifier interfaces similar to polymer blends. Again, this will result in colors that appear lighter and duller. Table 23.5 contains three examples of impact-modified colors again in polyester compared to the neat resin without modifier. As expected, the impact-modified colors are lighter and have lower chroma. In practice, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) or HIPS would have a more restricted color gamut compared to their transparent SAN and polystyrene (PS) base polymers. 

The properties of thermosetting and thermoplastic resin systems are continually improved to meet increasing performance requirements of end users. One way to enhance material properties is to incorporate nano-modifiers, based on elastomeric silicone particles, which are optionally grafted with other (acrylic) polymers to control dispersibility, viscosity, and other parameters. As an example, epoxy resin formulations have been modified with silicone nanospheres to improve low-stress behavior. Table 1 shows the outstanding fracture toughness improvement of silicone coreshell nanospheres, even at very low particle loading levels. 

A ligand of a metal complex is one of the most appropriate templates for a molecular-imprinted metal-complex catalyst. Several ligands have been reported as candidates because of their analogy to transition states or reaction intermediates for target reactions [51-64], Several metal complexes with single-site Co, Cu, Zn, Ti, Ru, Rh, and Pd species have been used as active metal sites coordinated with template ligands (Table 22.1). Acrylate polymers [54, 55, 60, 63, 64] or polystyrene-divinylbenzene (DVB) polymers [51, 53, 56] are common polymer supports for molecularly imprinted catalysts. 

Acrylic polymers also include water emulsions of acrylic resins, acrylate resins used in ceramic applications, and the precursor of carbon fiber, namely acrylonitrile. The table includes also some information on acrylic elastomers. Polymethylmethacrylate is discussed under a separate subsection. 

In terms of clarity, though, there is a notable advantage when using a HASE polymer in place of other acrylic polymers. Clarity is measured as the optical density, and from Table 5.2 the better clarity of the surfactants thickened with the HASE polymer is apparent. An optical density of 0.05 or less can be considered clear, and between 0.05 and 0.075 as showing a very slight haze. Above a value of 0.1 a loss of clarity becomes easily apparent. 

The effects of tacticity on Tg have been studied most extensively for acrylic polymers, whose structural variants make up 15 of the 20 polymers listed in Table 6.6. 

Some commercial durable antistatic finishes have been listed in Table 3 (98). Early patents suggest that amino resins (qv) can impart both antislip and antistatic properties to nylon, acrylic, and polyester fabrics. Cyclic polyurethanes, water-soluble amine salts cross-linked with styrene, and water-soluble amine salts of sulfonated polystyrene have been claimed to confer durable antistatic protection. Later patents included dihydroxyethyl sulfone [2580-77-0]9 hydroxyalkylated cellulose or starch, poly(vinyl alcohol) [9002-86-2] cross-linked with dimethylolethylene urea, chlorotriazine derivatives, and epoxy-based products. Other patents claim the use of various acrylic polymers and copolymers. Essentially, durable antistats are polyelectrolytes, and the majority of useful products involve variations of cross-linked polyamines containing polyethoxy segments (92,99—101). 

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