Acids Acrylamides

The amide group is readily hydrolyzed to acrylic acid, and this reaction is kinetically faster in base than in acid solutions (5,32,33). However, hydrolysis of N-alkyl derivatives proceeds at slower rates. The presence of an electron-with-drawing group on nitrogen not only facilitates hydrolysis but also affects the polymerization behavior of these derivatives (34,35). With concentrated sulfuric acid, acrylamide forms acrylamide sulfate salt, the intermediate of the former sulfuric acid process for producing acrylamide commercially. Further reaction of the salt with alcohols produces acrylate esters (5). In strongly alkaline anhydrous solutions a potassium salt can be formed by reaction with potassium / /-butoxide in tert-huty alcohol at room temperature (36). 

The amount of polar monomer one would copolymerize with the alkyl acrylate monomer(s) very much depends on the type of polar monomer and the desired change in rheological properties one would like to achieve. Strong hydrogen bonding monomers, such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, acrylamide, or methacrylamide are typically used at levels of 12% or less of the total monomers. 

Styrene monomer was also copolymerized with a series of functional monomers by using a single-step dispersion copolymerization procedure carried out in ethanol as the dispersion medium by using azobisizobu-tyronitrile and polyvinylpyrollidone as the initiator and the stabilizer, respectively [84]. The comonomers were methyl methacrylate, hydroxyethyl acrylate, metha-crylic acid, acrylamide, allyltrietoxyl silane, vinyl poly-dimethylsiloxane, vinylsilacrown, and dimethylamino-... 

MMA, styrene, 2-hydroxy ethyl methyacrylate, 2-hy-droxypropyl methacrylate, acrylic and methacrylic acids, acrylamide and N-vinyl pyrrolidone (NVP) [64]. By this process, polyurethane is partially converted to N-chloro or N-bromo derivatives by a short immersion... 

Another binary mixture, namely, (acrylic acid/ acrylamide) was grafted onto carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) [25]. 

A formulation consisting of 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid, acrylamide, and itaconic acid has been proposed [676]. Such polymers are used as fluid loss control additives for aqueous drilling fluids and are advantageous when used with lime- or gypsum-based drilling muds containing soluble calcium ions. 

Figure 2-8. Acrylic acid, acrylamide, methacrylic acid, methacrylamide, hydroxyethyl acrylate, N,N-dimethylmethacrylamide, dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, N-methylmethacrylamide.

M. Stephens andB. L. Swanson. Drilling mud comprising tetrapolymer consisting of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone, acrylamidopropanesulfonic acid, acrylamide, and acrylic acid. Patent US 5135909,1992. 

Applications As the basic process of electron transfer at an electrode is a fundamental electrochemical principle, polarography can widely be applied. Polarography can be used to determine electroreductible substances such as monomers, organic peroxides, accelerators and antioxidants in solvent extracts of polymers. Residual amounts of monomers remain in manufactured batches of (co)polymers. For food-packaging applications, it is necessary to ensure that the content of such monomers is below regulated level. Polarography has been used for a variety of monomers (styrene, a-methylstyrene, acrylic acid, acrylamide, acrylonitrile, methylmethacrylate) in... 

After a few minutes irradiation with a high pressure mercury lamp at about 50 C, a rather complete cover of grafted acrylic acid, acrylamide and other vinyl monomers could be obtained. In later experiments a continuous grafting method has been developed where a tape or a fiber bundle after suitable pretreatment is grafted by UV irradiation for a few seconds. Homopolymer formed is removed by washing and grafted polymer analyzed by dye absorption, IR reflection and ESCA spectroscopy. 

Existing in-house know-how, esp. ease of integration into existing production facilities. oxamniquine, cefuroxime, L-aspartic acid, acrylamide... 

Other hydrogels are prepared from poly(a-hydroxylic) acids, e.g., lactic acid, polyacrylic acid, acrylamides and acrylated polyvinyl alcohol, and polyethylene glycol. 

Other chemicals present in acrylonitrile production or in other non-acrylonitrile operations on sites of the companies in the epidemiological study by Blair et al. (1998) include acetylene, hydrogen cyanide, propylene, ammonia, acetic acid, phosphoric acid, lactonitrile, hydroquinone, sodium hydroxide, sulfuric acid, acrylamide, acetone cyanohydrin, melamine, methyl methaciydate, zweto-methylstyrene, urea, methacrylonitrile, butadiene, ammonium hydroxide and ammonium sulfate (Zey et al., 1989, 1990a,b Zey McCammon, 1990). 

AA AAm Con A DSS DSS-gel LCST MAPTAC MBA MP MP-gel NIPA ONPG PVMA SSPG Tc TMED acrylic acid acrylamide concanavalin A dextran sulfate sodium gel containing Con A/DSS complex lower critical solution temperature [(methacrylamide)propyl]trimethylammonium chloride /V,/V -methylenebis(acrylamide) a-methyl-D-mannopyranoside gel containing Con A/MP complex /V-isopropylacrylamide O-nitrophenyl-P-D-galactopyranoside poly(vinyl methyl ether) stimulus-sensitive polymer gel transition temperature /V,/V,/V, /V -tetramethylethylenediamine... 

CA 52,8560(1958) [Water-resistant blasting expl NG 7.8, AN 75, NaNOg 4.3, NaCl 1.5, carbonaceous fuel 8.4 polymeric mixt iuethylenebisacrylamide 3, acrylamide 95 KgSgOg %) 3%. This compn is 3-4 times as w resistant as a similar compn w/o the acrylamide mixt. An expl contg a copolymer of 10/90- acrylic acid/acrylamide 80 AL(S04)3- 7H20 20% also shows excellent resistance]... 

The SDA gave the technical expertise to several USA companies for further development of the basic technology. A wide range of grating combinations was attempted including work with acrylic acid, acrylamide, and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). 

Ultraviolet polymerization has been used to graft acrylic acid, acrylamide, dim-ethylacrylamide, 2-hydroxylethyl acrylate, or poly(ethyleneglycol) monomethoxyl... 

In inverse (water-in-oil) miniemulsions, hydrophilic monomers can easily be polymerized. Here, the monomer or the monomer solution is miniemulsified in a continuous hydrophobic phase. The polymerization can be initiated either from the droplet or from the continuous phase. Using crosslinking agent(s) in the monomer mixture leads to the formation of microgel nanoparticles after polymerization, keeping their identity after transferring them into water as continuous phase. This way, nanoparticles based on acrylic acid, acrylamide (AAm) and HEMA could successfully be obtained (see Fig. 3) [2],... 

The donors used are, for example, 1,3,2-dioxaphospholane [163], 2-phenylimino-l,3-dioxolane [164]. Vinyl monomers with electronegative substituents (acrylic acid, acrylamide, methacrylonitrile, etc.), 3-hydroxy-1-propanesulphonic acid anhydride, / -propiolactone [163], etc. may be used as acceptors. 

Bolshakov et al. described low-temperature (100-130 K) polymerizations of acrylic acid, acrylamide, and methyl acrylate, in which radical mobility was strongly hindered by their specific interactions with the molecules of a melting alcohol matrix [50]. 

Husemann [6] prepared UV-transparent adhesives consisting of acrylic acid, acrylamide, and 2-ethylhexyl acrylate that were effective as pressure-sensitive adhesives. 

Poly(methyl acetoxy silylene) [poly(MASi)] is also claimed [130] to initiate the polymerization of cyclohexyl methacrylate upon UV irradiation and to crosslink the resulting polymer by air exposure. Finally, the pyridinium salt of partially chloromethylated poly(methyl phenyl silylene) (Q-PMPSi) is reported [131] to initiate the polymerization, in aqueous solution, of hydrophilic vinyl monomers such as methacrylic acid, acrylamide, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and 1 -vinyl-2-pyrrolidone. 

General. Aqueous solutions of hydrophilic monomers were emulsified in xylene using water-in-oil emulsifiers, and polymerized using oil-soluble initiators. Typical hydrophilic monomers were sodium p-vinylbenzene sulfonate, sodium vinylbenzyl sulfonate, 2-sulfoethyl acrylate, acrylic acid, acrylamide, vinylbenzyl-trimethylammonium chloride, and 2-aminoethyl methacrylate hydrochloride. Typical oil-soluble initiators were benzoyl and lauroyl peroxides. In some cases, water-soluble potassium persulfate was used, both separately and in mixtures with oil-soluble peroxides. Of the water-in-oil emulsifiers, one of the most effective was Span 60 (technical sorbitan monostearate. Atlas Chemical Industries, Inc.). 

In some cases reactive alkenes can be polymerized with Kolbe radicals as initiators, e.g. styrene, acrylonitrile, vinyl acetate, methyl acrylate, acrylic acid, acrylamide or vinyl chloride. - The addition of Kolbe radicals to pyridine, benzotrifluoride or benzonitrile affords only low yields. 

Around the same time, Mansmann and coworkers reported the production of carbon fibers from a variety of dry-spun materials, including lignin (lignosulfonates) by the simple addition of small amounts of PEO or acrylic acid-acrylamide copolymers. Although similar to the procedure of Ohtani, Mansmann employed acidic rather than neutral and/or alkaline spinning conditions. 

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