Access hazards

A major difference between valve-specific lockout devices and the padlocked chain or cable lockouts discussed earlier is that valve-specific lockouts do not need to be secured to an anchoring device in the floor or the piping system. In addition, valve-specific lockouts eliminate potential tripping or access hazards that maybe caused by chains or cable lockouts applied to valves located near walkways or frequently maintained equipment. 

Stability and mechanical requirements impact tests drop tests, hand-held products stability of nonfixed equipment enclosure openings access hazard guarding (refer to standards for requirements and tests) ... 

Chanical management is the process of controlling the activities, data, and exposures of chemicals in the workplace. A best practices approach takes into account people, process and technology considerations. Ideally, you want to be able to control the introduction of chani-cals into the woikplace, track chemical locations and use, generate reports and access hazard information. 

Onshore processing facilities, and modules brought onshore, have to be cleaned of all hazardous compounds and scrapped. Cellars of single wells, drilling pads, access roads and buildings will have to be removed. If reservoir compaction affects the surface area above the abandoned field future land use may be prevented, in particular in coastal or low land environments. 

Today the demand for inspection of components with complex geometry, difficult access conditions or location in a hazardous environment is steadily increasing. Documentation, reproducibility and minimised health risk for the inspection staff are key issues. This leads to an increased demand for automated inspection, resulting in a need for new, advanced scarmer systems for NDE. 

Diazirines (3) smoothly add Grignard compounds to the N—N double bond, giving 1-alkyldiaziridines. Reported yields are between 60 and 95% without optimization (B-67MI50800). The reaction is easily carried out on a preparative scale without isolation of the hazardous diazirines and may serve as an easy access to alkylhydrazines. The reaction was also used routinely to detect diazirines in mixtures. The diaziridines formed are easily detected by their reaction with iodide. Phenyllithium or ethylzinc iodide also add to (3) with diaziridine formation. 

Explosion-proof enclosures are characterized by strong metal enclosures with special close-fitting access covers and breathers that contain an ignition to the inside of the enclosure. Field wiring in the hazardous environment is enclosed in a metal conduit of the mineral-insulated-cable type. All conduit and cable connections or cable terminations are threaded and explosion-proof. Conduit seals are put into the conduit or cable system at locations defined by the National Electric Code (Article 501) to prevent gas and vapor leakage and to prevent flames from passing from one part of the conduit system to the other. 

Tayout also has a significant role in minimizing the probability of ignition of a flammable release. Area electrical classification provides the basis for the control of electrical ignition sources. This classification is also used to determine the areas that require protection from vehicular access, etc. Frequently, highly hazardous processes that can result in overpressure (e.g., hydrogenation) are placed behind blast resistant structures/walls. 

The hazard identification step of the QRA typically requires the greatest involvement of plant personnel. For an existing process, only plant personnel know the status of process equipment and the current operating and maintenance practices. Excluding those personnel from the hazard identification step increases the chance of overlooking important potential hazards. For accurate results, the QRA team must have access to this information. 

Ensure appropriate levels of security, hazard warning notices, fences, patrols. Control access including vehicles Segregate/seal drains... 

Limit access to storage areas to authorized staff knowledgeable in the hazards, position of valves and switches. 

Maintain clear access, and restrict access to the compound. Mark with hazard warning signs. 

Operation includes nonual start-up, normal and emergency shutdown, and most activities performed by die production team. Whilst inlierently safe plant design limits inventories of hazardous substances, inherently safe operation ensures die number of individuals at risk are minimized. Access to die plant for non-essendal operational people such as maintenance engineers, post staff, administrators, quality control samplers, warehouse staff delivering raw material or plant items or collecting finished product, members of security, visitors etc., must be controlled. 

Gaseous fire extinguishing systems precautions for toxic and asphyxiating hazards (withdrawn) General fire precautions aboard ships being fitted out or under repair Eire precautions m pressurized workings Access to road tankers... 

System designers often think dampers bloek airflow and are suitable to prevent baek drafts in idle towers. This is not the ease. Airfoil dampers simply hamper fan housing efficiency- they do not block airflow. Air Inlet Screens are always part of blow through, counterflow towers to protect people from rotating equipment. Some designs can be a hazard when accessible from the underside and require the specifier to call out additional screening. They can be a worthwhile accessory when there are nearby trees even when not required for safety reasons. Air inlet screens should be eliminated on towers utilizing inlet ductwork. Inlet ductwork may also make it necessary to block extraneous air entry such as from the underside when towers are elevated. 

Access to a 2,700 chemical data base with hazard information, precautions, and health effects. Menu-driven software. 

Available during a (ransporlalion-relaled emergency to provide hazard warning and assistance to response peisonnel. Modem allows direct access to HIT, the CMA s response information database. 

Connections to equipment are typically 50 mm and 80 mm for process vessels and exchangers, according to the size of the equipment. Each connection includes an accessible block valve. Double block valves are provided if required. A check valve should be included if overpressure or other hazard could result from reverse flow during simultaneous drainage from more than one vessel. Individual connections from the equipment are made into the top of the drain header. 

Provisions must be made to ensure worker protection for a process located in a containment building. For example, the atmosphere in the containment structure should be monitored for hazardous vapors, operations should be remotely controlled from outside the containment structures, access should be restricted, and proper personal protective equipment should be used when entry into the containment structure becomes necessary. 

Layout considerations include avoiding crane lifts over operating equipment, especially equipment that contains hazardous materials, and, in particular, hazardous materials held under pressure or high temperature. Allow space for maintenance access without damage to other equipment. Apply risk management concepts to the layout and siting. 

TABLE 1-1 Summary of Access and Hazard Control Measures. 

Personal protective equipment Respiratory protection Gives workers direct access to worksite Increases worker exposure to hazard... 

Wlien determining the scope of HAZWOPER, exposure includes two elements the presence of a hazard and worker access to the hazard. 

For exposure to occur, workers should have access to the hazard (e.g., they should work in or near contaminated areas). Under normal circumstances, those workers who are prevented from entering contaminated areas (by using access controls) are not exposed to contaminated material. In many cases these workers do not fall under the requirements, provided that they are not exposed to other safety hazards as a result of the operation. Conversely, workers in contaminated areas are covered because they have access to health hazards and could be potentially exposed [1]. 

Wlien utility work is located in an exclusion zone, are workers who enter the area exposed to hazardous materials Hazard characterization and exposure assessment performed by a competent person may show that the area surrounding the equipment and an access corridor leading to the equipment can be cleaned so that the utility workers can work in the... 

Contractors and subcontractors are typically required by contract to be responsible for their own workers and should provide a level of oversight to meet all specifications. The primary contractor who is responsible for the worksite typically establishes the minimum requirements, controls access to the worksite, and verifies that subcontractors fulfill their health and safety duties and responsibilities. Wlien these specifications are defined, all contractors and subcontractors should meet or exceed these requirements, as appropriate. This could be based on the nature of the assigned tasks and associated hazards [2]. 

Each HASP should address only one worksite. Copies should be maintained at the worksite, readily accessible and placed in an appropriate location. A HASP should be developed prior to any preliminary worksite assessment. Information from this assessment can be used to modify the HASP to reflect subsequent worksite activities. In general, the HASP is based on hazard analyses and should be updated periodically to reflect the ever-changing worksite conditions and activities as the project progresses. 

After potential hazards have been identified, site access and hazard controls should be developed and put in place before work begins. This process of recognizing and evaluating new hazards and putting controls in place continues until the task or job analysis is complete. In addition, as mentioned earlier, as new information is discovered or becomes available, this should be immediately considered. If an amendment is in order, this should be completed and communicated to all involved. 

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