Accelerated solvent extraction solvents

Dionex Corporation - Manufacturers of liquid chromatography systems (IC and HPLC), chromatography software data systems, reversed-phase and ion-exchange columns, and accelerated solvent extraction systems... http //www.dionex.com. 

Shen, J. and Shao, X., Comparison of accelerated solvent extraction, Soxhlet extraction, and ultrasonic-assisted extraction for analysis of terpenoids and sterols in tobacco. Ana/. Bioanal. Chem., 383, 1003, 2005. 

Bergeron, C. et al.. Comparison of the chemical composition of extracts from Scutellaria lateriflora using accelerated solvent extraction and supercritical fluid extraction versus standard hot water or 70% ethanol extraction, J. Agric. Food Chem., 53, 3076, 2005. 

On the other hand, quantitative extraction requires complete and exhaustive extraction and no material can be lost. To assure complete extraction when a food is analyzed for the first time in a laboratory, it is useful to carry out two or three extractions, pool the solvents, and keep separate the next extracts to verify the presence of carotenoids. Usually four to six extractions are enough to remove the carotenoids completely from a sample. The extraction can be carried out in a blender, vortex, or with a mortar and pestle. Accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), an important extraction technique in residue analysis, currently attracts interest due to its short duration, low level of solvent use, and high extraction yield. The average recoveries for all carotenoids with the exception of norbixin ranged from 88.7 to 103.3% using manual extraction and from 91.0 to 99.6% by ASE (70 bar and temperature of 40°C) both extractions were carried out with a mixture of MeOH, EtOAc, and petroleum ether (1 1 1). ... 

Breithanpt, D.E., Simultaneons HPLC determination of carotenoids nsed as food coloring additives applicability of accelerated solvent extraction. Food Chem., 86, 449, 2004. 

In the past decade, new sample extraction techniques have been introduced to meet stricter criteria in the areas of food and agriculture, for example, enviromnentally friendly, non-toxic, fast, automated, robust, and cost-efficient techniques. Accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PEE) are two methods developed for the extraction of chemicals of interest " and provide high yields and efficiency from a wide range of botanical, - animal, and biological samples. ASE and PLE combine solvents at elevated temperatures (40 to 200°C)... 

Kuriki, K., Tajima, K., and Tokudome, S., Accelerated solvent extraction for quantitative measurement of fatty acids in plasma and erythrocytes. Lipids, 41, 605, 2006. 

Obana, H., Eurata, M., and Tanaka, Y., Analysis of 2-aUcylcyclobutanones with accelerated solvent extraction to detect irradiated meat and fish, J. Agric. Food Chem., 53, 6603, 2005. 

Richter, B.E. et al.. Accelerated solvent extraction a technique for sample preparation. Anal. Chem., 68, 1033, 1996. 

Accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) is a technique which attempts to merge the beneficial solvation properties of SFE with traditional organic solvents. Specifically, the sample is placed in an extraction vessel which can withstand high pressures while being maintained at a constant temperature. Extraction is carried out by pumping the extraction solvent through the samples for a limited time. As an example of the use of ASE, Richter and Covino extracted PCBs from a 10-g fish tissue sample with hexane... 

The need to understand the fate of pesticides in the environment has necessitated the development of analytical methods for the determination of residues in environmental media. Adoption of methods utilizing instrumentation such as gas chro-matography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS), liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS), or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has allowed the detection of minute amounts of pesticides and their degradation products in environmental samples. Sample preparation techniques such as solid-phase extraction (SPE), accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), or solid-phase microextraction (SPME) have also been important in the development of more reliable and sensitive analytical methods. 

Soxhlet extraction Ultrasonic disruption Supercritical fluid extraction Accelerated solvent extraction... 

B. Richter, J. EzzeU, and D. Felix, Single Laboratory Method Validation Report Extraction of Organo-phosphorus Agrochemicals, Chlorinated Herbicides and Polychlorinated Biphenyls Using Accelerated Solvent Extraction (ASE) with Analytical Validation by GC/NPD and GC/ECD, Document 101124, Dionex Sunnyvale, CA (1994). 

Table 3.4 summarises the main characteristics of a variety of sample preparation modes for in-polymer additive analysis. Table 3.5 is a short literature evaluation of various extraction techniques. Majors [91] has recently reviewed the changing role of extraction in preparation of solid samples. Vandenburg and Clifford [4] and others [6,91-95] have reviewed several sample preparation techniques, including polymer dissolution, LSE and SEE, microwave dissolution, ultra-sonication and accelerated solvent extraction. 

Figure 3.19 Accelerated solvent extraction of Irganox 1010 from PP with 2-propanol at various temperatures. Points, experimental data solid lines, curve fitted using the hot-ball model. After Vandenburg et al. [37], Reprinted with permission from HJ. Vandenburg et al., Analytical Chemistry, 70, 1943-1948 (1998). Copyright (1998) American Chemical Society...

The main drawback of this technique is solvent and time-consuming. In the last decade, there have been efforts to develop extraction techniques that allow efficient extraction and reduced solvent volumes in shorter times, incorporating high levels of automation, such as pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) [commonly known as accelerated solvent extraction (ASE)]. 

Ding Y, Zhang W, Gu C, Xagoraraki I, Li H (2011) Determination of pharmaceuticals in biosolids using accelerated solvent extraction and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1218 10-16... 

Difrancesco etal. [18] 22 FMs including PCMs and NMs Digested sewage sludge U.S. - Accelerated solvent extraction with dichloromethane - Silica gel chromatography - GC-MS... 

Accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), capillary chromatography sample preparation, 4 609, 610 Accelerated temperature, humidity, and bias (THB) tests, 10 9 Accelerated weathering tests, 19 584 Acceleration, exponents of dimensions in absolute, gravitational, and engineering systems, <5 584t Accelerators, 9 554-555 10 411, 713 22 61 23 861-862 for cement, 5 485... 

Zuloaga O, Etxebarria N, Fernandez LA, Madariaga J. Comparison of accelerated solvent extraction with microwave-assisted extraction and Soxhlet for the extraction of chlorinated biphenyls in soil samples. Trends Anal. Chem. 1998 17 642-647. 

Encinar JR, Rodriguez-Gonzalez P, Fernandez JR, Alonso JIG, Diez S, Bayona JM, Sanz-Medel A. Evaluation of accelerated solvent extraction for butyltin speciation in PACS-2 CRM using double-spike isotope dilution-GC/ICPMS. Anal. Chem. 2002 74 5237-5242. 

More elaborate sample preparation is often needed for complex sample matrices, e.g., lotions and creams. Many newer SP technologies such as solid-phase extraction (SPE), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), pressurized fluid extraction, accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), and robotics are frequently utilized (see Ref. [2]). Dosage forms such as suppositories, lotions, or creams containing a preponderance of hydrophobic matrices might require more elaborate SP and sample cleanup, such as SPE or liquid-liquid extraction. 

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