Accelerated communication

To date a number of reactions have been carried out in ionic liquids [for examples, see Dell Anna et al. J Chem Soc, Chem Commun 434 2002 Nara, Harjani and Salunkhe Tetrahedron Lett 43 1127 2002 Semeril et al. J Chem Soc Chem Commun 146 2002 Buijsman, van Vuuren and Sterrenburg Org Lett 3 3785 2007]. These include Diels-Alder reactions, transition-metal mediated catalysis, e.g. Heck and Suzuki coupling reactions, and olefin metathesis reactions. An example of ionic liquid acceleration of reactions carried out on solid phase is given by Revell and Ganesan [Org Lett 4 3071 2002]. 

Although there has been a warming trend over the past 100 years, it is not necessarily due to the greenhouse effect. The concern of the scientific community about accelerating changes in the next 40 to 50 years is based not only on the recent observations of temperature compared with past observations, but also on the physical principles related to the greenhouse effect. 

Microwave chemistry has been found to be a useful method for accelerating reactions or catalyzing reactions that are difficult to carry out by other methods. A modification of the Hantzsch method to directly obtain pyridines has been communicated. A dry medium using ammonium nitrate bentonitic clay system with microwave irradiation affords pyridines 96 in a single pot within 5 minutes. When the pyridine is not the major product (> 75% yield), the dealkylated pyridine 97 becomes an... 

Imidazole antimycotics, ketoconazole, clotrimazole, and miconazole are potent inhibitors of various cytochrome P450-isoenzymes that also affect the metabolism of retinoids. They were fust shown to inhibit the metabolism of RA in F9 embryonal carcinoma cells. When tested in vitm liarazole, a potent CYP-inhibitor, suppressed neoplastic transformation and upregulated gap junctional communication in murine and human fibroblasts, which appeared to be due to the presence of retinoids in the serum component of the cell culture medium. Furthermore, liarazole magnified the cancer chemopreventive activity of RA and (3-carotene in these experiments by inhibiting RA-catabolism as demonstrated by absence of a decrease in RA-levels in the culture medium in the presence of liarazole over 48 h, whereas without liarazole 99% of RA was catabolized. In vivo, treatment with liarazole and ketoconazole reduced the accelerated catabolism of retinoids and increased the mean plasma all-irans-RA-concentration in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia and other cancels. 

Engineered systems may also incorporate the addition of a cosubstrate to help establish an active microbial community and thereby accelerate the biodegradation of oxygenates. Hydrocarbon... 

Wegstein JH (1958) Accelerating Convergence of Iterative Processes, Commun Assoc Comp Mach, 1 9. 

Neolithic 86,500,000 Early villages and small communities, beginnings of many crafts Use of gold Accelerated soil erosion... 

The histological types of lung cancer seen to excess in uranium miners reflect those in the population at large (Masse, 1984). These occur almost entirely in bronchial airways. Approximately 207 are adenocarcinomas which occur in peripheral bronchioles (Spencer, 1977) where there are no basal cells. Squamous cell cancers predominate in miners exposed early in life to relatively low concentrations of radon daughters (Saccomanno et aJL., 1982). These are considered likely to arise from the secretory small mucous granular cells which undergo cell division and extend to the epithelial surface (Masse, personal communication). Division of these cells is accelerated after irritation by toxicants such as cigarette smoke or infectious diseases (Trump et a L., 1978). 

The impact of this new technique, which was called Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS), on the radiocarbon and archaeologist communities, was immediate and revolutionary. The introduction of AMS is indeed recognized by some as the third revolution in radiocarbon dating[22,23] and it has provided the opportunity to date very precious finds by collecting very small samples. The interest in developing the technique of AMS was so evident that, just few years after the measurements cited above, a first dedicated AMS system (based on a tandem accelerator) was designed and built [24] then, the first dedicated... 

P. Antoni, D. Nystrom, C. J. Hawker, A. Hult, and M. Malkoch, A chemose-lective approach for the accelerated synthesis of well-defined dendritic architectures, Chem. Commun. (2007) 2249-2251. 

Hogenboom A.C. et al., 1999b. Accurate mass determination for the confirmation and identification of organic microcontaminants in surface water using online solid-phase extraction liquid chromatography electrospray orthogonal-acceleration time-of-flightmass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 13 125. 

J. H. J. Dawson and M. Guilhaus. Orthogonal-Acceleration Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., 3(1989) 155-159. 

In order to provide AMS analyses to the broad ocean sciences research community, the National Ocean Sciences Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Facility (NOSAMS) was established at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (Massachusetts) in 1989. Studies performed there include identification of sources of carbon-bearing materials in the water column and sediment, dating of sedimentary samples, investigations of paleocirculation patterns (e.g., from observations of differences in 14C relative abundances in planktonic and benthic foraminifera, and coral cores and cross sections), as well as studies of modern oceanic carbon cycling and circulation. In fact, much that is known about advective and diffusive processes in the ocean comes from measurements of chemical tracers, such as 14C, rather than from direct measurements of water mass flow. 

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