Abuse liability drugs

Benzodiazepines have a low risk for abuse in anxiety disorder patients without a history of alcohol or other substance abuse. Among the benzodiazepines there may be a spectrum of abuse liability, with drugs that serve as prodrugs for desmethyldiazepam (e.g., clorazepate), slow-onset agents (e.g., oxazepam), and partial agonists (e.g., abecarnil) having the least potential for abuse. However, there is no currently marketed benzodiazepine or related drug that is free of potential for abuse. 

Griffiths RR, Wolf B Relative abuse liability of different benzodiazepines in drug abusers. J Clin Psychopharmacol 10 237-243, 1990 Griffiths RR, Weerts EM Benzodiazepine self-administration in humans and laboratory animals—implications for problems of long-term use and abuse. Psycho-pharmacology (Berl) 134 1-37, 1997... 

Williams H, Oyefeso A, Ghodse AH Benzodiazepine misuse and dependence among opiate addicts in treatment. It J Psychol Med 13 62-64, 1996 Wiseman SM, Spencer-Peet J Prescribing for alcoholics a survey of drugs taken prior to admission to an alcoholism unit. Practitioner 229 88—89, 1985 Wolf B, Grohmann R, Biber D, et al Benzodiazepine abuse and dependence in psychiatric inpatients. Pharmacopsychiatry 22 54—60, 1989 Wood MR, Kim JJ, Han W, et al Benzodiazepines as potent and selective bradykinin B1 antagonists. J Med Chem 46 1803—1806, 2003 Zawertailo LA, Busto UE, Kaplan HL, et al Comparative abuse liability and pharmacological effects of meprobamate, triazolam, and butabarbital. J Clin Psycho-pharmacol 23 269-280, 2003... 

Ator NA, Griffiths RR Principles of drug abuse liability assessment in laboratory animals. Drug Alcohol Depend 70(suppl) 55—72, 2003... 

Griffiths, RR. Brady, J.V. and Bradford, L.D. Predicting the abuse liability of drugs with animal drug self-administration procedures Psyehomotor stimulants and hallueinogens. Adv Behav Pharmacol 2 163-208, 1979. 

Griffiths, RR. Brady, J.V. and Snell, J.D. Relationship between anorectic and reinforcing properties of appetite suppressant drugs Implieations for assessment of abuse liability. Biol Psychiatry 13 283-290, 1978. 

TESTING DRUGS FOR PHYSICAL DEPENDENCE POTENTIAL AND ABUSE LIABILITY. Joseph V. Brady, Ph.D., and Scott E. Lukas, Ph.D., eds. 

Foltin, R. W., The importance of drug self-administration studies in the analysis of abuse liability An analysis of caffeine, nicotine, anabolic steroids, and designer drugs. Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Psychiatrists in Alcoholism and Addictions (1990, Santa Monica, California). American Journal on Addictions Spr Vol 1(2), 139-149, 1992. 

The dopaminergic system plays a role in the abuse liability for some, if not most, drugs. The stimulants — opiates, marijuana, nicotine, and ethanol — all interact directly or indirectly with... 

Drug discrimination is also an imporfanf sfandard technique used in assessments of the abuse liability of novel psychoactive compounds, with relevance to attempts to develop novel nicotinic agonists for use as cognitive enhancers. 

Kalman D (2002) The subjective effects of nicotine methodological issues, a review of experimental studies, and recommendations for future research. Nicotine Tob Res 4 25-70 Katz JL, Goldberg SR (1988) Preclinical assessment of abuse liability of drugs. Agents Actions 23 18-26... 

Preston KL (1991) Drug discrimination methods in human drug abuse liability evaluations, Br J Addict 86 1587-1594... 

Schneider NG, Jarvik ME, Forsythe AB (1984) Nicotine vs, placebo gum in the alleviation of withdrawal during smoking cessation. Addict Behav 9 149-156 Schuh KJ, Schuh LM, Henningfield JE, Stitzer ML (1997) Nicotine nasal spray and vapor inhaler abuse liability assessment. Psychopharmacology 130 352-361 Schuster CR, Henningfield J (2003) Conference on abuse liability assessment of CNS drugs. Drug Alcohol Depend 70 S1-S4... 

Drug abuse and dependence In a study of abuse liability conducted in individuals with known histories of benzodiazepine abuse, doses of eszopiclone 6 and 12 mg produced euphoric effects similar to those of diazepam 20 mg. 

Opioid binding at medullary sites is consistent with the respiratory depressant effects of the drugs. Binding in the nucleus accumbens and the resultant release of dopamine by the /x- and 8-opioids is linked to the development of physical dependence. However, the K-opioids, which also bind extensively in the nucleus accumbens, are linked to a decrease in dopamine release, possibly explaining their lower abuse liability. The localization of different receptor subtypes within different-size fiber pathways has been established. The x- and 8-receptors appear associated with the large-diameter fibers, while the K-receptors appear to be located in the small to medium-size fiber bundles of the dorsal root ganglia. Such differences may explain the modulation of specific types of nociceptive stimuli by the different opioid agonists and opioid peptides. 

Abuse potential abuse liability, reinforcing property, drug-seeking, craving, psychological effect. Intoxication acute pharmacological effects. 

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