Absolute essentials

The use of reflux condensers during the acetylation is not absolutely essential, since very little evaporation of the acetylating mixture from an open conical flask would occur during heating on the water-bath. The use of... 

This method is by far the easiest of the two methods I descnbe, but because it uses bromine liquid as a precursor to the dibromodioxane crystals a fume cupboard (or a fucking good method of fume extraction) is absolutely essential. Surgically removing ones gonads with a blunt knife would be a much less painful way of harming yourself than messing with this stuff in the kitchen. 

Plants, in contrast to animals, have the ability to convert carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and inorganic components of the earth direcdy into high energy carbohydrates (qv), fats, and proteins (qv). These plant materials are absolutely essential to human nutrition as well as to the nutrition of other animal species. Thus consumption of plant matter, either directly or through a food chain, is essential to animal life and humans are totally dependent on agricultural endeavors, ie, the culture and harvesting of plant matter. 

In drafting a patent appHcation, proceeding methodically through the several steps necessary to produce the type of disclosure legally and technically sufficient to satisfy the requirements of the laws of the United States is absolutely essential to a successful granting of the patent. A first step is to outHne those elements of the invention which are absolutely essential to its practice. A body of disclosure should be outlined for each of the essential elements of the claim. This disclosure should describe each element in terms of its function, as weU as the parameters that are relevant to the essential nature of the individual element. For example, if a chemical mixture has a component which acts so as to thicken the mixture, it is appropriate to outHne the family of constituents that can serve this function. At the same time, a full outHne of the disclosure of this individual element will include mention of those chemicals that are preferred for use within the mixture so as to perform the desired thickening function. 

A specific polymorph may be absolutely essential for a crystalline product, for example, one polymorph may have a more desirable color or greater hardness or disperse in water more easily than another polymorph. Often, one polymorphic form is more stable than another (for example, at 80°C the orthorhombic I form of ammonium nitrate is more stable than the trigonal form) at conditions to which a product is exposed. An interesting approach to... 

These are danger areas and the machine must be prevented from operating in these areas as far as possible. If absolutely essential, the maximum permissible temperature may be exceeded for only a short period lo protect the insulation from a rapid deterioration or damage (Section 9.2). 

Adequate support from the facility staff is absolutely essential. The facility staff must help the analysis team gather pertinent documents (e.g., PSilDs, procedures, software descriptions, material inventories, meteorological data, population data) and must describe current operating and maintenance practices. The facility staff must then critique the logic model(s) and calculation(s) to ensure that the assumptions are correct and that the results seem reasonable. The facility staff should also be involved in developing any recommendations to reduce risk so they will fully understand the rationale behind all proposed improvements and can help ensure that the proposed improvements are feasible. Table 12 summarizes the types of facility resources and personnel needed for a typical QRA. 

Power reeovery systems are built around the one item of turbo-maehinery absolutely essential to the proeess the air eompressor. The first step in developing a viable string of proeess air equipment is, therefore, a deeision regarding the type of air eompressor. 

The lUPAC rules are not the only nomenclature system in use today. Chemical Abstracts Service surveys all the world s leading scientific journals that publish papers relating to chemistry and publishes brief abstracts of those papers. The publication Chemical Abstracts and its indexes are absolutely essential to the practice of chemistry. For many years Chemical Abstracts nomenclature was very similar to lUPAC nomenclature, but the tremendous explosion of chemical knowledge has required Chemical Abstracts to modify its nomenclature so that its indexes are better adapted to computerized searching. This means that whenever feasible, a compound has a single Chemical Abstracts name. Unfortunately, this Chemical Abstracts name may be different from any of the several lUPAC names. In general, it is easier to make the mental connection between a chemical structure and its lUPAC name than its Chemical Abstracts name. 

The sulphuric acid, used to acidulate before distillation, may be advantageously replaced by phosphoric acid. This modification, whilst in many cases not absolutely essential, is desirable on account of the fact that sulphuric acid is liable to become reduced by certain constituents of oils, particularly of old oils, which frequently contain substances of a resinous nature. In such cases the volatile acid products of the reduction pass over along with the true acids of the oil undergoing examination. 

The yield of chlorohydrin is largely determined by the rate at which the reaction is carried out. A very rapid stream of hydrogen chloride is absolutely essential for obtaining the yields mentioned. Moreover, it is very important to keep as small an amount of glycol as possible in the reaction flask. If larger amounts of glycol are present at any one time, the yield of product is lowered and considerable tar is produced. 

The results obtained for the proportion of a certain constituent in a given sample may form the basis of assessing the value of a large consignment of the commodity from which the sample was drawn. In such cases it is absolutely essential to be certain that the sample used for analysis is truly representative of the whole. When dealing with a homogeneous liquid, sampling presents few problems, but if the material under consideration is a solid mixture, then it is necessary to combine a number of portions to ensure that a representative sample is finally selected for analysis. The analyst must therefore be acquainted... 

With careful treatment, a capillary should remain serviceable for many months. It is absolutely essential that no solid matter of any kind should be allowed to reach the inside of the capillary. The electrode must never be allowed to stand in a solution when the mercury is not flowing. 

Adaptive optics (AO) undoubtedly constitutes the most daring challenge. It is also absolutely essential seeing-limited observations with a 100-m class telescope would imply impossibly short focal ratio of the instrumentation, and immediate saturation by sky background. A smaller on-sky resolution element is the only way out, which implies at least some degree of adaptive compensation for atmospheric turbulence. 

A final important class of composite materials is the composite hquids. Composite liquids are highly stmctured fluids based either on particles or droplets in suspension, surfactants, liquid ciystalhne phases, or other macromolecules. A number of composite liquids are essential to the needs of modem industiy and society because they exhibit properties important to special end uses. Examples include lubricants, hydraulic traction fluids, cutting fluids, and oil-drilling muds. Paints, coatings, and adhesives may also be composite liquids. Indeed, composite hquids are valuable in any case where a well-designed liquid state is absolutely essential for proper delivery and action. 

Traditionally, because of the history of the discovery of QM, experience has been equated to experiments. Experiments with macroscopic devices involve measurement theory, which most physicist agree is the most difficult and least understood part of QM. These are therefore often unclear, confusing and contradictory. They are the wrong place to provide experience. They are absolutely essential to verify the correctness of QM, but as the most difficult part of QM they should be treated at the end of the course, not at the beginning. Also it is not sufficient to provide a few experiences, but a thorough immersion is required. Hence my choice of the word journey a short visit will not do. 

The HMR/fractionatlon approach gives very good results When applied to ethylene-propylene copolymer fractions reported by Abls, et. al. (19) These authors extracted sample 5 (In Table VII) with hexane to get soluble and Insoluble fractions (5a and 5b), and with ether to get soluble and insoluble fractions (5c and 5d). The hexane set (5a and 5b) and the ether set (5c and 5d) can be separately analyzed by the HIXCO.TRIADX program. The results are shown In Table VIII. In the 2-state (B/B) model, we have 4 parameters and 12 values to fit to HMR data of pairwise fractions. In the 3-state (B/B/B) model, we have 7 parameters and 12 values to fit. Thus, the use of pairwise fractions Is absolutely essential for 3-state analysis. 

In order to begin practicing synthesis problems, it is absolutely essential that you master all of the individual reactions that we have seen so far. You must learn how to walk before you can start to run. Therefore, we will first focus on one-step synthesis problems. Once you feel comfortable with the individual reactions, then we can start stringing them together in various sequences to form synthesis problems. 

Today, computers are so ubiquitous in pharmaceutical research and development that it may be hard to imagine a time when there were no computers to assist the medicinal chemist or biologist. A quarter-century ago, the notion of a computer on the desk of every scientist and company manager was not even contemplated. Now, computers are absolutely essential for generating, managing, and transmitting information. The aim of this chapter is to give a... 

The study of a CuO/ZnO/AlaOs methanol synthesis catalyst showed the working catalyst surface under our experimental conditions to consist of metallic Cu, ZnO, and Al Os. Brief exposure of such catalysts to air results In Instant formation of a few percent Cu+l. Thus, the use of a combined reactlon/analysls system as described here is absolutely essential In surface analytical studies of reactive catalyst surfaces. 

The detection and quantification of one or more of the above lipid peroxidation produas (primary and/or secondary) in appropriate biofluids and tissue samples serves to provide indices of lipid peroxidation both in ntro and in vivo. However, it must be stressed that it is absolutely essential to ensure that the products monitored do not arise artifactually, a very difiScult task since parameters such as the availability of catalytic trace metal ions and O2, temperature and exposure to light are all capable of promoting the oxidative deterioration of PUFAs. Indeed, one sensible precaution involves the treatment of samples for analysis with sufficient levels of a chainbreaking antioxidant [for example, butylated hydroxy-toluene (BHT)] immediately after collection to retard or prevent peroxidation occurring during periods of storage or preparation. 

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