A bone marrow

Alexaki A, Quiterio SJ, Liu Y, Irish B, RUareski E, Nonnemacher MR, Wigdahl B (2007) PMA-induced differentiation of a bone marrow progenitor cell line activates HIV-1 LTR-dtiven transcription. DNA CeU Biol 26(6) 387-394... 

JP is receiving a highly myelosuppressive chemotherapy regimen for the next 3 days for his lymphoma. The chemotherapy orders specify ifosfamide, carboplatin, and etoposide. The goal of this cycle of chemotherapy is to put the cancer into remission so that his lymphoma can be cured with a bone marrow transplant. 

For all newly diagnosed patients with leukemia, an aspirate of the liquid marrow and a bone marrow core biopsy are obtained.5 Morphologic and cytochemical analysis of these samples distinguishes three subtypes of ALL (LI, L2, and L3) and eight subtypes of AML (M0-M7) as classified by the French-American-British (FAB) scheme. See Tables 92-2 and 92-3 for the FAB classification of acute myelogenous leukemia and acute lymphocytic leukemia. 

RH had a bone marrow aspiration performed on days 15 and 29 that showed morphologic remission. The MRD on day 29 was less than 0.1%. RH completed her induction therapy and started intensification therapy. 

A 45-year-old female has a bone marrow transplant for treatment of ovarian cancer Cyclosporine is given as an immunosuppressant What is the mechanism of action of cyclosporine ... 

The aim of a bone marrow transplant is to replace the abnormal bone marrow stem cells with healthy stem cells from a donor. Healthy stem cells are normally harvested using a syringe to withdraw bone marrow from the rear hip bone of the donor. They are then infused into the patient via a catheter in the chest area. Before the infusion, the patient receives chemotherapy or radiotherapy to destroy the diseased bone marrow stem cells so that the infused stem cells have a chance to grow free of complications from diseased cells. 

SCIDGeneTherapy Trial Infantswithsevere combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID, bubble boy syndrome) have a gene defect that leads to a complete lack of white blood cells. Without treatment, these infants die from comphcations of infectious diseases during the first few years of life. The only treatment currently approved for this condition is a bone marrow transplant. 

The test is used for the detection of cytogenetic damage to the chromosomes or the mitotic apparatus of erythroblasts by analysis of erythrocytes for formation of micronuclei (small nuclei, separate from and additional to the main nuclei of cells, produced during the telophase of mitosis (meiosis) by lagging chromosome fragments or whole chromosomes). When a bone marrow erythroblast develops into a polychromatic erythrocyte (immature erythrocyte), the main nucleus is extruded any micronucleus that has been formed may remain behind in the otherwise anucleated cytoplasm. 

The scrum immunoglobulin changes in patients suffering from filariasis are characterized by a moderate increase of IgM and slight increase of IgG (M35). A patient who had microfilariae in a bone marrow biopsy also had massive macroglobulincmia complicating rheumatoid arthritis (M4). 

Newer strategies for stem cell identification have been developed based on the knowledge of cell functions. A primitive and multipotential subpopulation of bone marrow mononuclear cells has been identified on the basis of the intracellular presence of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH). Those cells can be marked on the basis of the presence of ALDH and are called aldehyde dehydrogenase-bright cells (ALDH cells), allowing for their separation from a bone marrow aspiration mononuclear subpopulation under fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis. 

However, within a few months, two of the nine children developed a form of leukemia that had been triggered by the insertion of the payload gene too close to a gene that controlled the division of those cells. Uncontrolled increases in the number of white blood cells cause leukemia. The two children were treated with chemotherapy for the leukemia. One patient s leukemia returned and the child was then treated with a bone marrow transplant, but subsequently died. The same study reported that a third child showed evidence of uncontrolled growth of white blood cells. In addition, a U.S. researcher reported that a monkey treated with cells changed by a similar vector died of a white blood cell tumor. The FDA called a halt to human... 

Figure 8.2 A developing blood clot is shown in this picture. A blood clot is made of platelets, membrane fragments of a bone marrow cell, and a network of insoluble proteins, particularly fibrin generated from a precursor protein, fibrinogen, through the work of a cascade of protein clotting factors. Several bleeding disorders result from inherited deficiencies in clotting proteins.

Four weeks after receiving a bone marrow transplant, Mary Smith developed jaundice and a skin rash on her hands, feet, and face. She also had occasional episodes of vomiting and diarrhea. Qtnical chemistry results showed her serum hver enzymes (LDH, ALT) and bUirubin level to be elevated. What is the most likely cause of Mary s symptoms and what is the best therapy ... 

Plicamycin (Mithracin), an inhibitor of RNA synthesis in osteoclasts, reduces serum calcium levels when infused over 4 to 6 hours every 3 to 4 days. Plicamycin s effects are slower than those of the bisphosphonates the drug is a bone marrow suppressant that can complicate clinical management if the patient is already receiving chemotherapy for the malignancy. 

Das, B., Yeger, H., Baruchel, H., Freedman, M., Koren, G., and Baruchel, S. (2003). In vitro cytoprotective activity of squalene on a bone marrow versus neuroblastoma model of cisplatin-induced toxicity Implications in cancer chemotherapy. Eur. f. Cancer 39, 2556-2565. 

A 30-year-old man, who had taken lithium for 16 years for bipolar disorder and long-term ciclosporin and prednisolone after a bone-marrow transplant, developed subacute thyroiditis associated with a diffusely enlarged gland that showed heterogeneous echogenicity, but without a clear relation to lithium (650). 

Blanas E, Davey GM, Carbone FR, Heath WR A bone marrow-derived APC in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue captures oral antigens and presents them to both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. J Immunol 2000 164 2890-2896. 

Flucytosine (Ancobon) possesses clinically useful activity against Cryptococcus neoformans, Candida species, Torulopsis glabrata, and the agents of chromomycosis. Susceptible fungi deam-inate flucytosine to 5-fluorouracil, which becomes an antimetabolite. Flucytosine, which is excreted by the kidney, should be used cautiously in the setting of renal impairment. Flucytosine is a bone marrow depressant. Flucytosine is used in combination with amphotericin B. 

Each cytogenetic test system has advantages and disadvantages. For instance, if a very simple determination of a compound s ability to produce chromosomal aberrations in vivo is desired, a bone marrow assay is probably simplest and least expensive. If, however, genetic hazards to future generations are of primary concern, assays of germ cells would be more appropriate. In in vitro assays of peripheral lymphocytes or cell lines, the cells can be made synchronous or fairly synchronous. 

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