95th percentile

The error factor (EF) defined as equation 2.5-16 relates the 50th percentile to the 95th percentile (equation 2.5-17) and the 5th percentile (equatin 2.5-18). 

Computerized Aggregate of Reliability Parameters (CARP) A computer code developed by SAIC to aggregate data sets into a single generic set determine uncertainty bounds (5th and 95th percentiles) fit raw data to statistical distributions and print reports documenting determinations made. 

Error factor The ratio of the 95th percentile value to the median value of a lognormal distribution. 

Children and adolescents stage 1 hypertension is classified by blood pressure levels that range from the 95th percentile to 5 mm Hg above the 99th percentile. 

A total of 10,000 iterations or calculations of dose were performed as part of this simulation, and Figure 4 shows the resulting distribution of average daily doses of chlorpyrifos as determined by the Monte Carlo simulation. Common practice in exposure and risk assessment is to characterize the 50th percentile as a "typical" exposure and the 95th percentile as the "reasonable maximum" exposure.4 The distributional analysis for these calculated doses... 

If possible, the intake should be expressed both as a statistical mean or median and maximum (e.g., 95th percentile). Ideally, a frequency distribution of exposure for the study area population is the goal. Inmost cases, however, the variability in exposure medium intake rates and pollutant concentrations are unknown and average/maximum values must suffice. 

Fig. 14.1 95th percentile of urine concentrations (pg/g creatinine corrected) for the US population aged 20-59 years, three NHANES surveys. Shaded blocks show 4-nitrophenol (methyl parathion) unshaded blocks show 3,5,6-tnchloro. v-pyndinol... 

The 95th percentile, the more severe level used to describe children who are already obese. 

Table 2 Index Values from the Simulated Non-cumulative Data Sets with No Built-in Error, and 50th (5th— 95th) Percentiles of Each of the 1000-Sized Bootstrap Index Sample Constructed from 3-fold, 6-fold, and 12-fold Replicated Data Sets with Built-in Error... 

Assume further that the only use of pesticide Q is to treat certain insect pests on apples that are to be consumed as fresh fruit (no juice). Our expert on human food consumption patterns and rates tells us that high-end consumers of apples, those consuming at the 95th percentile of the distribution of consumption rates, eat approximately 0.3 kilograms (300 grams) each day (about two-thirds of a pound). If these consumers are not to ingest pesticide Q intakes in excess of... 

Obesity increases steadily with age in the under 60s. However, obesity is affecting younger people more than ever before. In the USA, there was an increase in prevalence of overweight (at or above the 95th percentile of sex-specific BMI for age growth charts) in female children and adolescents from 13.8% in 1999-2000 to 16.0% in 2003-2004 and an increase in male children and adolescents from 14.0% to 18.2% in the same time period. Similarly, in the UK, although the figures are lower, the prevalence of obesity in 5-10 year... 

In 2005, the EES A [62] made an estimation of PAE exposure in human populations based on the limited available literature on DEHP, DBP, BBP, DiNP, and DiDP concentration in foods and diets. Some studies have been conducted in two different populations in United Kingdom (UK) and Denmark from 1996 to 2003 [124—129]. Based on the information obtained from the mentioned studies, the EFSA estimated the daily oral intake and the maximum dietary exposure (calculated in the 95th percentile) (MDE) for the most used PAEs (Table 3). 

Table 3 Estimation of maximum dietary exposure (MDE) (95th percentile), non observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) and tolerable dally Intake (TDI) of the most used PAEs according to EFSA [62]...

Table 6 Selected biomonitoring data on phthalate metabolites exposure in different countries (median, range or 95th percentile), expressed in pg/L, found in different population... 

Worst-case character of the traditional default assessment factors is considered doubtful as the 95th percentile for the proposed distributions for the interspecies (anrmal-to-human) factor and the subchronic-to-chronic duration factor are considerably higher than 10. In addition, the limited data on intraspecies (human-to-human) variation is also considered to indicate that a default factor of 10 may not be sufficient. 

The authors also noted that the database for the derivation of a standard value is very limited. The few available data support a factor of 2-3 additional (multiplicatively) to the scaling factor in order to cover, for approximately 95% of the substances (i.e., the 95th percentile), a possibly greater sensitivity of humans compared with experimental animals. The overall interspecies assessment factor would then be 8-12 for a rat study and 14—21 for a mouse study. 

For oral to inhalation route-to-route extrapolation (28 substances), the Predicted Inhalation No-Adverse-Effect Level (NAEL) was often higher than the observed NOAEL (for inhalation) implicating that the substance was considered less toxic after extrapolation when compared with the experimental observations. Based on the 95th percentile of the lognormal distribution of the ratios between the predicted NAEL and the observed NOAEL, UFs ranging from 75 to 201 for the different extrapolation methodologies were found. 

Woutersen et al. (1985, as cited in Kalberlah and Schneider 1998 ECETOC 1995, 2003) evaluated toxicity data relating to 82 substances including stabilizers, plasticizers, antioxidants, disinfectants, food additives, pesticides, other agrochemicals, and industrial chemicals. The substances were each tested (oral administration to rats) for a subacute (2-4 weeks) and a subchronic (13-18 weeks) duration of exposure. Both the NOAEL and the LOAEL were included in the comparison. For 56% of the substances (46), the ratio NOAELsubacute/ NOAELsubchronic was about 1. For 44% of the substances (36), the subchronic NOAEL was lower than the subacute NOAEL (i.e., the ratio was above 1), and for 3/82 substances, the ratio was above 100. The 95th percentile was about 10. A factor of 4 covered 70%-80% of the substances. 

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