Zinc in animal

In paints, zinc oxide serves as a mildewstat and acid buffer as well as a pigment. The oxide also is a starting material for many zinc chemicals. The oxide supphes zinc in animal feeds and is a fertilizer supplement used in zinc-deficient soils. Its chemical action in cosmetics (qv) and dmgs is varied and complex but, based upon its fungicidal activity, it promotes wound healing. It is also essential in nutrition. Zinc oxide is used to prepare dental cements in combination with eugenol and phosphoric and poly(acrylic acid)s (48) (see Dental materials). 

Sharma, R.P. and J.L. Shupe. 1977. Trace metals in ecosystems relationships of residues of copper, molybdenum, selenium, and zinc in animal tissues to those in vegetation and soil in the surrounding environment. Pages 595-608 in H. Drucker and R.E. Wildung (eds.). Biological Implications of Metals in the Environment. Avail, as CONF 750929 from Nat. Tech. Infor. Serv., U.S. Dep. Commer., Springfield, VA. 

Zinc oxide is used as a raw material for many products stearates, phosphates, chromates, bromates, organic dithiophosphates, and ferrites (ZnO, MnO, Fe203). It is used as a source of zinc in animal feeds and in electrogalvanization. It is also used for desulfurizing gases. 

PL Parker, H. E., Magnesium, calcium, and zinc in animal nutrition. Atomic Absorption Newsletter No. 13. Perkin-Elmer Corp., Norwalk, Conn. (May 1963). P2. Paschen, F., Bohr s Heliumlinien. Ann. Physik 50, 901-940 (1916). 

Zinc is a necessary nutrient in animals. The discovery that zinc deficiency is the cause of parakeratosis in pigs was the first demonstration of the practical importance of zinc in animal nutrition. More than 100 zinc enzymes are known, many of which are in the liver and include examples from all six classes of enzymes. In these enzymes, zinc may... 

The rates or percentages of absorption of inhaled zinc in animals are not available however, studies provide data on zinc retention in the lungs. Zinc retention values were 19.8%, 11.5%, and 4.7% in the lungs of guinea pigs, rats, and rabbits, respectively, after inhalation exposure (nose-only) to 3.5-9.1 mg zinc/m as zinc oxide aerosol for 2-3 hours (Gordon et al. 1992). The aerosol had a mass... 

Chandra et al. 1984 Hooper et al. 1980). These studies suggest that there is a dose-response trend and that 50 mg/day is the threshold LOAEL for zinc. In animals, decreased hematocrit has been observed at higher doses (Jenkins and Hidiroglou 1991 Maita et al. 1981 Smith and Larson 1946). 

McGivern J, Mason J (1979) The effect of chelation of the fate of intravenously administered cadmium in rats. J. Comp. Path. 89 1-9 Mills CF, Dalgarno AC (1972) Copper and zinc status of ewes and lambs receiving increased dietary concentrations of cadmium. Nature 239 171-173 Mogilnicka EM, Webb M (1981) The tissue distribution of gold, copper and zinc in animals treated with Au(III) species differences in the binding of these metals in the kidney. J. Appl. Toxicol. 1 42-43... 

The chloride and chromate are also important compounds. Zinc is an essential element in the growth of human beings and animals. Tests show that zinc-deficient animals require 50 percent more food to gain the same weight as an animal supplied with sufficient zinc. 

Nutrition. Zinc is essential to the proper functioning of plants and animals and, as zinc sulfate and oxide, it is used as a feed supplement (49—51) (see Mineral nutrients Feedsand feed additives). Most crops use less than a kilogram of zinc per 1000 m per year, so that zinc salts added at 1.3—4.5 kg/ha gradually build up the zinc reserve (52). Animals, including humans, store relatively Htde available zinc and, thus, require a constant supply in the diet. For instance, beef cattle require 10—30 mg/kg dry feed, dairy cattle 40 mg/kg, and breeding hens 65 mg/kg. Zinc from plants is considered less available to monogastric aminals than zinc from animal protein. 

Agricultural Use. Citric acid and its ammonium salts are used to form soluble chelates of iron, copper, magnesium, manganese, and zinc micronutrients in Hquid fertilizers (97—103). Citric acid and citrate salts are used in animal feeds to form soluble, easily digestible chelates of essential metal nutrients, enhance feed flavor to increase food uptake, control gastric pH and improve feed efficiency. 

For the most part, the zinc materials recovered from secondary materials such as slab zinc, alloys, dusts, and compounds are comparable in quality to primary products. Zinc in brass is the principal form of secondary recovery, although secondary slab zinc has risen substantially over the last few years because it has been the principal zinc product of electric arc furnace (EAF) dust recycling. Impure zinc oxide products and zinc-bearing slags are sometimes used as trace element additives in fertilizers and animal feeds. About 10% of the domestic requirement for zinc is satisfied by old scrap. 

Clarification of copper interactions with molybdenum, sulfate, iron, and zinc in plant and animal metabolisms (NAS 1977 Eisler 1989, 1993)... 

Carbamate esters of zinc, zineb, and ziram are carcinogenic and teratogenic in animals, but this is attributed to the action of the carbamate esters and not to zinc (Elinder 1986). Results of studies with small mammals showed zinc to be cocarcinogenic with 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide on oral cancer, and with N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea on brain cancer (Leonard and Gerber 1989). 

Marine mammals collected near heavily urbanized or industrialized areas or near zinc pollution point sources usually had elevated zinc concentrations when compared to individuals of the same species and of similar age from relatively pristine environments (Eisler 1984). Zinc concentrations in tissues of the ringed seal (Phoca hispida) were essentially the same in animals near a lead-zinc mine and in those of a distant reference site, although lead and selenium burdens were elevated in the vicinity... 

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