Yield volatility, importance

Convexity differences between nominals and linkers create a systematic bias in break-even inflation, which is itself hard to quantify reliably (for instance, we have little objective current market-based information about prospective long-term real yield volatility). This makes the isolation of the risk premium even more difficult, if that s possible. The purpose of all of this is not to discourage the investigation of the risk premium, but rather to raise awareness of some important influences that need to be considered before you decide to begin your quest. 

This entry examines several recent advances in pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). The use of anal3dical pyrolysis coupled to GC/MS in polymer studies has greatly increased in the past few years because of the hyphenation between a technique permitting a fast thermal program to yield volatile fragments with a powerful tool for their identification. The classical application of Py C/MS to thermoplastics has been extended recently to thermosets and even to hiopolymers and biocomposites. The use of these techniques to study alternative methods for waste treatment has also been considered as an important and recent feature, showing possibilities for further improvement in the amount of its applications. A brief overview on the identification of polymer additives by Py-GC/MS has also been carried out. 

To evaluate the importance of GC, we must distinguish between the two roles the method plays. First, GC is a tool for performing separations. In this role, GC methods are unsurpassed when applied to complex organic, metal-organic, and biochemical systems made up of volatile species or species that can be derivatized to yield volatile substances. The second role that GC plays is in the completion of an analysis. In this role, retention times or volumes are used for qualitative identification, and peak heights or peak areas provide quantitative information. For qualitative purposes, GC is much more limited than most of the spectroscopic methods considered in earlier chapters. Thus, an important trend in the field has been in the direction of combining the remarkable separation capabilities of GC with the superior identification properties of such instruments as mass, IR, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometers (see Section 27B-4). 

Pimento Berry Oil. The pimento or allspice tree, Pimenta dioca L. (syn. P. officinalis, Liadl.), a native of the West Indies and Central America, yields two essential oils of commercial importance pimento berry oil and pimenta leaf oil. The leaf oil finds some use ia perfumery for its resemblance to clove leaf and cinnamon leaf oils as a result of its high content of eugenol. Pimento berry oil is an item of commerce with extensive appHcation by the flavor industry ia food products such as meat sauces, sausages, and pickles, and moderate use ia perfumery, where it is used primarily as a modifier ia the modem spicy types of men s fragrances. The oil is steam-distilled from dried, cmshed, fully grown but unripe fmits. It is a pale yellow Hquid with a warm-spicy, sweet odor with a fresh, clean topnote, a tenacious, sweet-balsamic-spicy body, and a tea-like undertone. A comparative analysis of the headspace volatiles of ripe pimento berries and a commercial oil has been performed and differences are shown ia Table 52 (95). 

Aromaticity is the most important property of a carbon black feedstock. It is generally measured by the Bureau of Mines Correlation Index (BMCI) and is an indication of the carbon-to-hydrogen ratio. The sulfur content is limited to reduce corrosion, loss of yield, and sulfur in the product. It may be limited in certain locations for environmental reasons. The boiling range must be low enough so that it will be completely volatilized under furnace time—temperature conditions. Alkane insolubles or asphaltenes must be kept below critical levels in order to maintain product quaUty. Excessive asphaltene content results in a loss of reinforcement and poor treadwear in tire appHcations. 

For intermediate temperatures from 400-1000°C (Fig. 11), the volatilization of carbon atoms by energetic plasma ions becomes important. As seen in the upper curve of Fig. 11, helium does not have a chemical erosion component of its sputter yield. In currently operating machines the two major contributors to chemical erosion are the ions of hydrogen and oxygen. The typical chemical species which evolve from the surface, as measured by residual gas analysis [37] and optical emission [38], are hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide. 

As stated before, volatile carbon % is considered to be one of the most important parameters of hydroliquefaction. Also a fairly good linear relationship between the volatile carbon % in coal and low temperature tar yield from coal is found in Morwell brown coals, based on the data from the State Electricity Commission of Victoria (SECV) in Australia, as shown in Fig.9 Therefore, the low temperature tar yield is also estimated to be an important parameter. In addition, the color tone of brown coal (lithotypes) is shown in this figure. From this figure, it is observed that both volatile carbon % and low temperature tar yield are in a fairly good relation to the color tone of brown coal. Thus, as proposed by the Australian researchers, the color tone of brown coal is considered to be an important parameter. 

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