Properties and Identification

A table which includes physical properties and a characteristic derivative for each natural sugar can be found in the article by Schaffer.1 

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Caillere, S. and Henin, S., 1951. The properties and identification of saponite (Bow lingist). Clay Miner., 1 138-144. 

Hunlich, R. (1939). Textile Fibres and Materials Their Properties and Identification with Special Reference to Rayon and Staple Fibre. London Skinner. 

API and Bureau of Mines Projects. Some of the most important current work on the sulfur compounds present in petroleum is being carried out under the auspices of the American Petroleum Institute under Project 48 which was organized in 1948 to conduct fundamental studies on the synthesis, properties, and identification of sulfur compounds in petroleum. At present. Project 48 consists essentially of four phases (1) production and purification of sulfur compounds and the determination of their common physical properties (2) measurement of thermodynamic properties of pure sulfur compounds (3) identification and measurement of sulfur compounds in crude oil and (4) development of methods of synthesis and identification of sulfur compounds. Work on the first three phases, combined as Project 48A, is being conducted at the U. S. Bureau of Mines under the supervision of H. M. Smith as project director. Work on the fourth... 

Properties, and Identification of Sulfur Compounds in Petroleum. A Report on API Research Project 48, Preprint of paper presented at the 32nd Annual Meeting of API, Chicago, Ill., Nov. 10, 1952. 

Attanasio, D., M. BrUli, and M. Bruno. 2008. The properties and identification of marble from Proconnesos (Marmara Island, Turkey) a new database including isotopic, Epr and petrographic data. Archaeometry 50 747-774. 

Hofer, Cohn, and W. C. Peebles (85) The modification of the carbide FejC their properties and identification. 

Oka J, Ueda K, Hayaishi O et al. ADP-ribosyl protein lyase. Purification, properties and identification of the product. J Biol Chem 1984 259(2) 986-95. 

Lundmark, R., and Carlsson, S. R. (2002). The beta-appendages of the four adaptor-protein (AP) complexes Structure and binding properties, and identification of sorting nexin 9 as an accessory protein to AP-2. Biochem. J. 362, 597-607. 

Containers less than bulk must bear the red diamond-shaped "FLAMMABLE LIQUID" label. Bulk containers must display the red "FLAMMABLE" placard in association with the UN1090 identification. Fire is the main ha2ard in emergencies resulting from spills. Some manufacturers provide transportation emergency response information. A listing of properties and ha2ard response information for acetone is pubHshed by the U.S. 

In a number of cases, identifications have been extremely difficult, because the materials were synthetic and knowledge of their existence had actually been lost. For example, several rather commonly encountered synthetic pigments, such as the lead-tin yellow often found in Renaissance and Baroque paintings, were originally misidentified or left unidentifiable until extensive research, including analyses of elemental composition and chemical and physical properties, and repHcation experiments, led to proper identification of the material and its manufacturing process. 

Analytical and Test Methods. For a review of detection, deterrnination, and identification of ketenes see Reference 67. Typical properties are the strong ir absorption bands at 2151 cm (C—O) and at 1120 cm as weU as a very low field signal of the j hybridi2ed carbon at approximately 194 to 206 ppm and a very high field signal of the s hybridi2ed carbon at approximately 2.5 to 27 ppm in C-nmr spectroscopy. 

A significant advantage of the PLM is in the differentiation and recognition of various forms of the same chemical substance polymorphic forms, eg, brookite, mtile, and anatase, three forms of titanium dioxide calcite, aragonite and vaterite, all forms of calcium carbonate Eorms I, II, III, and IV of HMX (a high explosive), etc. This is an important appHcation because most elements and compounds possess different crystal forms with very different physical properties. PLM is the only instmment mandated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for the detection and identification of the six forms of asbestos (qv) and other fibers in bulk samples. 

Analytical Approaches. Different analytical techniques have been appHed to each fraction to determine its molecular composition. As the molecular weight increases, complexity increasingly shifts the level of analytical detail from quantification of most individual species in the naphtha to average molecular descriptions in the vacuum residuum. For the naphtha, classical techniques allow the isolation and identification of individual compounds by physical properties. Gas chromatographic (gc) resolution allows almost every compound having less than eight carbon atoms to be measured separately. The combination of gc with mass spectrometry (gc/ms) can be used for quantitation purposes when compounds are not well-resolved by gc. 

When additional substituents ate bonded to other ahcycHc carbons, geometric isomers result. Table 2 fists primary (1°), secondary (2°), and tertiary (3°) amine derivatives of cyclohexane and includes CAS Registry Numbers for cis and trans isomers of the 2-, 3-, and 4-methylcyclohexylamines in addition to identification of the isomer mixtures usually sold commercially. For the 1,2- and 1,3-isomers, the racemic mixture of optical isomers is specified ultimate identification by CAS Registry Number is fisted for the (+) and (—) enantiomers of /n t-2-methylcyclohexylamine. The 1,4-isomer has a plane of symmetry and hence no chiral centers and no stereoisomers. The methylcyclohexylamine geometric isomers have different physical properties and are interconvertible by dehydrogenation—hydrogenation through the imine. 

Instead of conversion, some producers prefer to use other identifications of severity, including coil outlet temperature, propylene to methane ratio, propylene to ethylene ratio, or cracking severity index (33). Of course, all these definitions are somewhat dependent on feed properties, and most also depend on the operating conditions. 

An elementary introduction to chemistry is given in Chapter 3 this serves only to provide background and for more advanced consideration reference will be necessary to specific text books, e.g. as listed in the Bibliography. A brief discussion of the relevance of physicochemical principles to hazard identification is given in Chapter 4. Relevant toxic and flammable properties, and summaries of appropriate precautions to cater for them during handling, use and disposal, are provided in Chapters 5 and 6, respectively. Reactive hazards are discussed in Chapter 7. The special problems with cryogenic materials and chemicals under pressure, typified by compressed... 

The CESARS database contains comprehensive environmental and health information on chemicals. It provides detailed descriptions of chemical toxicity to humans, mammals, aquatic and plant life, as well as data on physical chemical properties, and environmental fate and persistence. Each record consists of chemical identification information and provides descriptive data on up to 23 topic areas, ranging from chemical properties to toxicity to environmental transport and fate. Records are in English. Available online through CCINFOline from the Canadian Centre For Occupational Health and Safety (CCOHS) and Chemical Information System (CIS) on CD-ROM through CCIN-FOdisc. 

The isolation and identification of 4 radioactive elements in minute amounts took place at the turn of the century, and in each case the insight provided by the periodic classification into the predicted chemical properties of these elements proved invaluable. Marie Curie identified polonium in 1898 and, later in the same year working with Pierre Curie, isolated radium. Actinium followed in 1899 (A. Debierne) and the heaviest noble gas, radon, in 1900 (F. E. Dorn). Details will be found in later chapters which also recount the discoveries made in the present century of protactinium (O. Hahn and Lise Meitner, 1917), hafnium (D. Coster and G. von Hevesey, 1923), rhenium (W. Noddack, Ida Tacke and O. Berg, 1925), technetium (C. Perrier and E. Segre, 1937), francium (Marguerite Percy, 1939) and promethium (J. A. Marinsky, L. E. Glendenin and C. D. Coryell, 1945). 

The oldest effective drug for the treatment of this disease is indisputably quinine. Although the antipyretic activity of cinchona bark was known to the Incas, it remained for the Jesuit missionaries to uncover its antimalarial properties in the early seventeenth century. The advance of organic chemistry led to the isolation and identification of the alkaloid, quinine, as the active compound at the turn of this century. The emerging clinical importance of this drug led up to the establishment of cinchona plantations in the Dutch East Indies. This very circum-... 

In general, there are three milestones for the drug discovery process. The first is the identification of a verified hit series (primary activity in a related series of molecules), the second the determination of a lead series (series with primary activity and drug-like properties), and the third a clinical candidate (activity, positive pharmaceutical, and pharmacokinetic properties devoid of toxicity). An example... 

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