Responsibility meaning

For a data array X containing responses of M variables over N different samples, this method involves the calculation of the mean response of each of the M variables over the N samples, and, for each of the M variables, subsequent subtraction of this mean from the original responses. Mean-centering can be represented by the following equation ... 

Responsibility as accountability requires mechanisms (formal or informal) by which people can be asked to account for what they have done and be held responsible for the consequences of their actions. This responsibility means that one has obligations to remedy or mitigate the negative effects of one s actions, even if those effects were not intended. However, there are three conditions that must be met before someone can be held accountable for damage (Bovens, 1998, pp28-31). 

The analysis of the mean response and the s/n ratio can be performed employing the usual ANOVA and/or hypothesis tests to detect which factors or interactions have statistical significance. Taguchi proposed a conceptual approach based on the graphical display of the effects (they are called factor plots or marginal means followed by a qualitative evaluation. This provides objective information and a test for the significance of each design factor on the two observed responses mean and s/n ratio. 

Note Column designations are as follows 0, treatment number and variables 1, response mean (percent recovery) 2, sum of response 3, effect calculation and 4, mean square. Each treatment mean has one degree of freedom. (See text for more detail.)... 

Linear response means that peak area is proportional to analyte concentration. For very narrow peaks, peak height is often substituted for peak area. 

Analysis of variance is a procedure by which the total variance is divided into sources of variations. Depending on the experiment design done, it is possible to separate from the total variance a different number of sources of variations. However, no matter how many sources of variations were selected, they all refer both to those that occur under the influence of systematic variations and to the error resulting from random variations. The aim of applying the analysis of variance method is to answer the question is the difference between the obtained response means for the tested factors a result of the influence of tested factors or has it occurred randomly. 

In solving the problem we shall start from the null hypothesis, which assumes that the response means for the tested factors are the same and that the existing differences have occurred randomly. 

If the obtained differences of the response means for the varied factors are significant, the null hypothesis is rejected and we conclude that they result from the influence of the factor. 

The design matrix with operational matrix and outcomes of design points-trials is given in Table 2.104. Note that design points-trials have been replicated so that the table gives response means. 

Access control evaluation and outcome. Users may be occasional and they may not know under what conditions a service can be accessed. Therefore, to make a service usable , access control mechanisms cannot simply return yes or no answers. It may be necessary to explain why authorizations are denied—or better how—to obtain the desired permissions. Therefore, the system can return an undefined response meaning that current information is insufficient to determine whether the request can be granted or denied. For instance, suppose that a user can access a service if she is at least eighteen and can provide a credit card number. Two cases can occur i) the system knows that the user is not yet... 

The existence of these temporally distinct phases of cellular response means that there is a mechanism by which cells recognize both the strength and the duration of their exposure to a particular extracellular messenger. 

Biomarkers are physiological or biochemical measurements that may be indicative of exposure to contaminants. Although they are not used to estimate risks, they can be used to support other lines of inference (Suter, 1996). Because the effect is seen directly in the population itself, there is no problem with bioavailability, kinetics or other factors that modify the toxicity of the media (water, sediment, soil). A positive response means that the population is exposed to toxicants. The inference is established when the levels of biomarkers from contaminated and reference sites are significantly different. When the levels of biomarkers are characteristic of contaminant exposures, the distribution and frequency of elevated levels should be compared with the distribution and concentrations of contaminants. In addition, the implications of the observed biomarker levels for populations or communities should be estimated (Suter, 1996). 

Another method of detecting a dose-response relationship is to fit the data to various models for dose-response curves. This method statistically determines whether or not a dose-response model (such as a Logistic function) fits the data points more accurately than simply the mean of the values this method is described fully in Chapter 12. The most simple model would be to assume no dose-response relationship and calculate the mean of the ordinate data as the response for each concentration of ligand (horizontal straight line parallel to the abscissal axis). A more complex model would be to fit the data to a sigmoidal dose-response function (Equation 11.2). A sum of squares can be calculated for the simple model (response — mean of all response) and then for a fit of the data set refit to the four parameter Logistic shown... 

Concluding, all the ratios x,o/xo (z = 1, 2, 3) are negative, and therefore, all fluoromethanes are characterized by a negative response, meaning that if a given spectator C—F4 bond stretches, i.e. > 0, each fluoromethane responds by shortening of all other C-H and C-F bonds, viz.. 

In practice, interfaces are often subjected to a combination of the deformations mentioned. As in bulk rheology, there are some other variables. First, the response of a material to a force can be elastic or viscous. Elastic response means immediate deformation, where the strain (relative deformation, i.e., tan a. in shear and AA/A in dilatation) is related to the force on release of the force, the strain immediately becomes zero. In viscous deformation, the force causes flow or, more precisely, a strain rate (d tan a/dt or d In Ajdty, this occurs as long as the force lasts, and upon release of the force the strain achieved remains. For most systems, the behavior is viscoelastic. Second, deformation can be fast or slow, and time scales between a microsecond and more than a day may be of importance. Third, the relative deformation (strain) applied can be small—i.e., remain close to the equilibrium situation—or be large. 

This logarithmic response means that one will only obtain rate increments that are useful in synthesis by going to quite high pressures (see Fig. 7.1). The pressure range 5-20 kbar is normally used for organic synthesis. However, eqns... 

One responsible means of addressing the effect of human error on an analytical methodology is to perform a risk assessment on the... 

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