Cyanide detoxification

Cyanide [57-12-5] Cyanide detoxification Cyanide exchange Cyanide iron blue Cyanide oxidation Cyanides... 

Sulfur dioxide is usefiil as a solvent for sulfur trioxide in sulfonation reactions for example, in the large-scale production of alkylbenzenesulfonate surfactant (329). A newer use for sulfur dioxide is in cyanide detoxification in connection with cyanide leaching of precious metals from mine dumps. 

For example, cyanide detoxification involved the following process106 ... 

Chew, S.F. and Y.K. Ip. 1992. Cyanide detoxification in the mudskipper, Boleophlhalmus boddaerti. Jour. Exper. Zool. 261 1-8. 

Westley, J. 1988. Mammalian cyanide detoxification with sulphane sulphur. Pages 201-218 in D. Evered and S. Harnett (eds.). Cyanide Compounds in Biology. Ciba Found. Sympos. 140. John Wiley, Chichester. Wiemeyer, S.N., E.F. Hill, J.W. Carpenter, and A.J. Krynitsky. 1986. Acute oral toxicity of sodium cyanide in birds. Jour. Wildl. Dis. 22 538-546. 

One group of people who may be at greater risk are those who are exposed to cyanide but are unable to smell the chemical (Kirk and Stenhouse 1953 Snodgrass 1996). Patients with motor neuron disease (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) possess a disorder in cyanide detoxification that may result in their higher susceptibility to cyanide (Kato et al. 1985). 

McMillan DE, Svoboda AC. 1982. The role of erythrocytes in cyanide detoxification. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 221 37-42. 

Full-scale demonstrations of Pintail Systems, Inc. s, spent-ore bioremediation process have been conducted at a number of mine sites in the United States. The first full-scale demonstration of the process for cyanide detoxification in a spent-ore heap was performed at the Yellow Pine Mine near Yellow Pine, Idaho, in 1992. In addition, the technology has been used at sites in Mexico and Canada. This technology and several similar bioremediation processes are commercially available through the vendor. Pintail Systems, Inc., is also working with Sub-Surface Waste Management, Inc. (a subsidiary of U.S. Microbes, Inc.), to further apply its bioremediation technologies in the United States, as well as in Europe and Asia. 

Bhat, H.R., Linnell, J.C. (1983). The role of rhodanese in cyanide detoxification its possible use in acute cyanide poisoning in man. In Clinical and Experimental Toxicology of Cyanides (B. Ballantyne, T.C. Marrs, eds), pp. 440-50. lOP Publishing, Bristol, England. 

In addition to antidotal therapy, administration of 100% oxygen can help with cyanide detoxification, possibly by affecting the binding of cyanide to cytochrome oxidase (13). Hyperbaric therapy may be considered, but only after standard treatment has failed, or if the patient has concurrent carbon monoxide poisoning (13). 

VHPOs also accept the pseudohalides CN and SCN as alternative substrates, and even oxidise cyanide and thiocyanate preferentially to bromide.I l Thiocyanate is generated in vivo by thiosulfate sulfur transferase in the process of cyanide detoxification, and is present in concentrations comparable to that of bromide. Organic thiocyanate compounds have been discovered in marine environments (12 in Figure 4.14, suggesting that their formation is also catalysed by, inter alia, VHPOs. Laboratory experiments have shown... 

Wrobel, M., Jurkowska, H., Sliwa, L., and Srebro, Z., Sulfurtransferases and cyanide detoxification in mouse liver, kidney, and brain, Toxicol. Mech. Methods, 14, 331-337, 2004. 

Cyanide — The use of H202 for cyanide detoxification is increasing. Many effluents are treated with H202at pH 9 to give cyanate anion which is subsequently hydrolysed to carbonic acid. Some effluents, which contain... 

Another permanent cyanide detoxification method involves the intravenous injection of sodimn thiosulfate. The thiosulfate contains a loosely bound sulfur atom that can convert cyanide to thiocyanate by the action of the ubiquitous enzyme rhodanese (thiosulfate-cyanide sulfiutransferase). The much less toxic thiocyanate is excreted via the urine. Rhodanese occius in both the liver and in skeletal muscle and produces a detoxifying action even in the absence of thiosulfate. 

Swenne, I., Eriksson, U.J., Christoffersson, R., Kagedal, B., Lundquist, R, Nilsson, L., Tylleskar, T., and Rosling, H., Cyanide detoxification in rats exposed to acetonitrile and fed a low protein diet. Fund. Appl. Toxicol., 32, 66, 1996. 

At lease four intracellular enzymes may be involved for cyanide detoxification. The generalized reactions of rhodanese, mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase, thiosulfate reductase, and cystathionase are shown within the cell. 

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