Buried seeds

It is well known that dogs track better in humid air. Rodents find buried seeds better in wet soil. This is important in arid climates. After rains, yellow pine chipmunks, Tamias amoenus, and deer mice, Peromyscus maniculatus found experimentally buried seeds of Jeffrey pine, Pinus jeffreyi, and antelope bitterbrush, Purshia tridentata, better than in diy soil. The recovered number of seeds increased 27- and 15-fold, respectively. In wet soil, seeds take up water rapidly and emanate volatile organic compounds that the rodents exploit. By extension, variations in humidity in arid environments may have profound effects on olfaction-dependent behaviors such as finding food, social interactions, preying, and predator avoidance (Vander Wall 1998). 

Rodent species differ in their ability to smell buried seeds those from arid climates perform better than species from mesic climates. Specifically, Panamint kangaroo rats, Dipodomys panamintinus, from arid and semiarid areas of the Great Basin Desert in North America were the only species that found deep caches... 

Deer mice, P. maniculatus, readily find buried seeds. In forest reseeding projects, deer mice often remove 70 to 100% of the planted conifer seeds. In the laboratory, deer mice found the aromatic seeds of sugar, Jeffrey, and Ponderosa... 

How rodents smell buried seeds a model based on the behavior of pesticides in soil. Journal of Mammalogy 84,1089-1099. 

Squirrels, but also birds such as jays, bury acorns in the ground to cache them as winter food. By this behavior, they also disperse the acorns and start the germination process by exposing the acorns to soil moisture. Burying protects acorns from surface-feeding competitors such as deer, ruffed grouse, and turkeys. It also prevents other squirrels from pilfering the stores, provided the owner remembers where he had buried the seeds, and other squirrels are not attracted by the odor of the buried seeds. 

Tillage—This is an effective and often-used method to kill or control weeds in row crops, nnrseries, and forest plantings. However, tillage may bring buried seeds to the surface where they can either germinate and compete with the newly planted crop or be spread to nearby fields. Tillage also may increase soil erosion and may help to spread established plant diseases to uninfected areas of the field. 

Upon elimination of the fluids, the liner to the pit is folded over the residual solids in a way to prevent fluid migration. The liner is then buried inplace. The operator may choose to remove the liner contents completely to preclude any future contamination. In the case of a producing well, the location is reclaimed up to the deadmen. The adjacent areas are contoured to provide for drainage away from the production facilities. In the case of a dryhole, the entire location is reclaimed to the initial condition. All of the reclaimed area should be ripped to enhance soil conductivity. The top soil is then spread over the reclaimed area followed by seeding. Local seed mixtures are broadcast to quicken reintroduction of native plants. 

Peachey RE, Pinkerton JN, Ivors KL, Miller ML, Moore LW (2001) Effect of soil solarization, cover crops, and metham on field emergence and survival of buried annual bluegrass (Poa annua) seeds. Weed Technol 15 81-88... 

Most seeds do not need to be buried deeply a fraction of an inch is quite sufficient. Larger seeds can go in at a depth of twice their diameter. Sow peas at a depth of 1-1V2 in (2.5-4 cm) and beans 1Y2-2 in (4-5 cm). Seed can be sown in rows, in individual positions or "stations," or broadcast over a larger area. 

Animals that bury acorns and other seeds as winter cache may also practice food processing, tannins being lost during the weeks in the moist soil. This... 

We now know that some bird taxa use their sense of smell in foraging. These include kiwis, vultures, seabirds, and honey guides. Others, such as seed-burying birds, and oilbirds, most likely use olfaction for finding food. 

Birds such as nuthatches, nutcrackers, and jays store food by buying seeds such as acorns, beechnuts, and pine seeds in the ground and find it later very well. A single Clark s nutcracker, Nucifraga columUana, buries as many as 33000 pinon seeds in up to 3750 different caches (Vander Wall, 1982). Experiments have shown that these nutcrackers use memory (Tomback, 1980), visual cues (Vander Wall, 1982), and probably little olfaction to locate buried food caches. Other birds use olfaction. Black-billed magpies, ica pica, discovered buried suet or raisins better when the cache was scented with cod liver oil (Buitron and Nuechterlein, 1985). 

The victory of the new KD hero appeared to remove the anxieties about the viability of a separate KD identity. A two-day state holiday was declared for the harvest festival, control of which was returned to the KCA a magnificent KCA cultural centre was built in Penampang which became the site for subsequent Sabah-level festivals the ethnic label Kadazan was again legitimated and the pribumi one buried, and the first moves were made to have Kadazan taught in schools. Yet these victories brought with them the seeds of further division. 

Burnside, O.C., R.G. Wilson, S. Weisberg, and K.G. Hubbard (1996). Seed longevity of 41 weed species buried 17 years in eastern and western Nebraska. Weed Sci., 44 74-86. 

The use of atrazine in corn has helped to reduce significantly the number of weed seeds in the soil. In a Colorado experiment, a field that began with 1.3 billion buried weed seeds per acre (2.7 billion/ha) was treated with atrazine for 6 years. Afterwards, the weed seed population had been reduced to 20 million/A (50 million/ha). In this experiment, atrazine was discontinued on half the plot after the third year, when 407 million buried weed seeds were counted per acre (1006 million/ha). After three additional years of no atrazine use, the weed seed population had increased to 648 million/A (1600 million/ha) (Schweizer and Zimdahl, 1984). 

In a recent series of experiments with a species of corvid, Clark s nutcracker, Kamil and Jones (1997) have reported success in finding evidence of spatial learning based on the relationship between landmarks. Nutcrackers learned to dig in bedding for a pine seed that was buried midway between a yellow cylinder on the north side of the testing room and a green cylinder on the south side. The distances between the landmarks were varied between trials, over a range of 20 to 120 cm. On test trials, the... 

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