Cosmetic compounds

Toxic Reactions of the Skin Irritation is the most common reaction of the skin. Skin irritation is usually a local inflammatory reaction. The most common skin irritants are solvents dehydrating, oxidizing, or reducing compounds and cosmetic compounds. Acids and alkalies are common irritants. Irritation reactions can be divided into acute irritation and corrosion. Necrosis of the surface of the skin is typical for corrosion. Acids and alkalies also cause chemical burns. Phenols, organotin compounds, hydrogen fluoride, and yellow phosphorus may cause serious burns. Phenol also causes local anesthesia, in fact it has been used as a local anesthetic in minor ear operations such as puncture of the tympanous membrane in cases of otitis. ... 

With the purpose of improvement and simplification of the synthesis of potential cosmetic compounds, alkylation of mono- and dihydroxybenzaldehydes with long-chain halides was efficiently realized under solvent-free MW + PTC conditions (Eqs. 16 and 17 and Tab. 5.9) [27, 28],... 

FLUORINECOMPOUNDS,ORGANIC - FLUORINATED ALIPHATIC COMPOUNDS] (Vol 11) -use in cosmetics [COSMETICS] (Vol 7)... 

Although these professional-use-only products do not require ingredient labeling, the cosmetics industry has developed a program to voluntarily Hst the components of professional products. However, under this voluntary program, the ingredients are Hsted in alphabetical order rather than descending order. This has been done to make it easier for the professional hairdresser to locate a specific compound that may be of interest. 

Other Nitrogen Compounds. The basis of the sophisticated nitrogen compounds Hsted in Table 10 is the reaction of formaldehyde with amino compounds. A significant amount of Hterature details investigation of the mechanism of action, particularly whether or not the antimicrobial activity depends on decomposition to formaldehyde (40—42). These compounds tend to have substantial water solubiUty and are more effective against bacteria than fungi and yeasts. Key markets for these compounds are metalworking fluids, cosmetics, and in-can preservation of paints (see Alkanolamines Amines, fatty amines). 

Applications. The most ubiquitous use of infrared spectrometry is chemical identification. It has long been an important tool for studying newly synthesi2ed compounds in the research lab, but industrial identification uses cover an even wider range. In many industries ir spectrometry is used to assay feedstocks (qv). In the flavors (see Flavors and spices), fragrances (see Perfumes), and cosmetics (qv) industries, it can be used not only for gross identification of feedstocks, but for determining specific sources. The spectra of essential oils (see Oils, essential), essences, and other natural products vary with the season and source. Adulteration and dilution can also be identified. 

Pharmaceuticals. A variety of mercury compounds have had pharmaceutical appHcations over the years, eg, mercury-containing diuretics and antiseptics. Whereas some mercury compounds remain available for use as antiseptics such as merbromin [129-16-8] mercuric oxide, and ammoniated mercury [10124-48-8] or as preservatives such as thimerosal [54-64-8] in dmgs and cosmetics, most have been supplanted by more effective substances. A detailed discussion of mercury-containing antiseptics is available (37). Many hospitals use mercury metal to serve as weight for keeping nasogastric tubes in place within the stomach. 

Prior to the 1990s phenyhnercuric acetate was the primary bactericide and fungicide in latex and waterborne paints. Because of the increasing concerns of mercury toxicity and the potential for high consumer and occupational exposures to mercury when present in paints, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) induced U.S. manufacturers of PMA and other mercury compounds to withdraw their registrations for use of these substances as biocides in paints (see AIercury). Mercury compounds are used only for very limited, specific purposes, such as the use of phenyhnercuric mXx.2LX.e[55-68-5] as a bactericide in cosmetic eye preparations (see Cosmetics). 

The toxic effects of mercury and mercury compounds as well as their medicinal properties have been known for many centuries. In the first century AD, Pliny indicated the use of mercuric sulfide (cinnabar or vermilion) in medicine and in cosmetics. This compound was probably known to the Greeks in the time of Aristotle (13). 

Whereas the worldwide production of 2inc oxide [1314-13-2] is estimated to be around 500,000 t aimuaHy, only about 75,000—100,000 t are used for pigmentary appHcations by the paint industry. About 250,000 t are consumed by the mbber industry, and the rest is used in the production of plastics, paper, cosmetics, pharmaceutical products, ceramics, and glass (see Zinc compounds). 

The aluminum containing compound having the largest worldwide market, estimated to be over 30 x 10 t in 1990, is metal grade alumina. Second, is aluminum hydroxide. In 1990 the market for Al(OH)2 should approach or exceed 3.5 million metric tons which is equivalent to 2.3 million tons on an alumina basis. The spHt between additive and feedstock appHcations for Al(OH)2 (16) is roughly 50 50. Additive appHcations include those as flame retardants (qv) in products such as carpets, and to enhance the properties of paper (qv), plastic, polymer, and mbber products. Significant quantities are also used in pharmaceuticals (qv), cosmetics (qv), adhesives (qv), poHshes (qv), dentifrices (qv), and glass (qv). 

Another cosmetic appHcation of aluminum compounds is as lakes for Hpstick manufacture (21). A water-soluble dye can become a Hpstick ingredient if combined with compounds that are colorless and insoluble. The result, caHed a lake, is insoluble in both oil and water. Some dyes are laked with alumina others are dissolved in water and treated with solutions that precipitate Al(OH)2 with the dye molecules occluded in the precipitate. These... 

In Cosmetics. Amino acids and their derivatives occur in skin protein, and they exhibit a controlling or buffering effect of pH variation in skin and a bactericidal effect (216). Serine is one component of skin care cream or lotion. Ai-Acylglutamic acid triethanolamine monosalt is used for shampoo. Glucose glutamate is a moisturizing compound for hair and skin (234). 

There are a vast number of quaternary ammonium compounds or quaternaries (1). Many are naturally occurring and have been found to be cmcial in biochemical reactions necessary for sustaining life. A wide range of quaternaries are also produced synthetically and are commercially available. Over 204,000 metric tons of quaternary ammonium compounds are produced aimuaHy in the United States (2). These have many diverse appHcations. Most are eventually formulated and make their way to the marketplace to be sold in consumer products. AppHcations range from cosmetics (qv) to hair preparations (qv) to clothes softeners, sanitizers for eating utensils, and asphalt emulsions. 

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