X irradiation

The proteolytic enzymes, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and chymoral [8076-22-0] in combination, have been used for the treatment of post-operative hand trauma, athletic injuries, and sciatica (214—216). Trypsin has also been used successfully in treating hyaline membrane disease of newborn babies, a condition usually fatal without treatment (217). Immobilized preparations of trypsin are useful in treating acute radiation cystitis following pelvic x-irradiation therapy (218). 

Figure 1. ESR spectra at some temperatures of X-irradiated polycrystalline frozen solutions (c a 1 mol%) of C5H5 and CgH5D, respectively, a) at 15 K. b) simulated spectrum by using the parameters shown in Table 4. c) 05 150 " " at 30 K in CFCI3. d) simulation using hyperfme coupling data shown in Table 4 for a mixture of component 1 component 2 of C6H5D . The ratio 1 2 = 0.38 0.62 obtained from the component analysis of Figure 2 was employed.

Figure 2. Component analysis of an X-irradiated polycrystalline frozen solution (c a 1 mol%) of C6H5D in CFCI3. a) simulated components 1 (dashed) and 2 (solid) using hyperfine coupling data from ENDOR (Table 4). b) experimental (solid) and fitted (dashed) ESR spectra of CgH5D...

Bacq ZM, Fischer P (1957) The action of various drugs on the suprarenal response of the rat to total-body x-irradiation. Radiat Res 7 365-372... 

The oxidation of oxalic acid by mercuric chloride to give CO2 and mercurous chloride is a classic example of an induced reaction. This reaction is extremely slow unless small quantities of chromic acid and manganous ions are added, whereon facile reduction takes place Addition of permanganate or persulphate and some reducing agents is also effective and the oxidation proceeds readily under photo- or X-irradiation (Eder s reaction). The large quantum yield points to a chain mechanism , which could also function with an inducing oxidant, viz. 

The oxidation of formic acid by Ce(IV) sulphate which is reported as being very slow, is accelerated by X-irradiation OH- is the active oxidant. 

Fig. 15. Anion chromatograms of X-irradiated solutions of 0.1 M alcohol and 0.015 M COj (upper curves) and of illuminated 2 10 M ZnS sols containing 1 M alcohol and 0.015 M COj (lower curve). The latter also contained C10 anions from the preparation of the ZnS sol...

Barron, E.S.G., Ambrose, J. and Johnson, P. (1955). Studies on the mechanisms of action of ionising radiations XIII. The effect of X-irradiation on some physiochemical properties of proteins. Radiat. Res. 2, 145-152. 

Schoeters GER, Vander Plaetse F, Van Den Heuvel RL. 1992. High radiosensitivity of the mineralization capacity of adult murine bone marrow in vitro to continuous a-irradiation compared to acute X-irradiation. Int J Radiat Biol 61(5) 675-683. 

The complex azide is highly explosive and must be handled with extreme care. The analogous potassium and caesium derivatives of zinc azide and nickel azide deflagrate strongly in a flame and some are shock-sensitive [1], The potassium salt alone out of 8 azido-complexes exploded during X-irradiation in an ESCA study [2],... 

X-irradiated Single Crystal of Methylene Diphosphonic Acid... 

Lucken and co-workers32 subjected a single crystal of methylene diphosphonic acid to X-irradiation. The ESR spectrum indicated that the radicals produced were those pictured in Tables 4.7 and 4.8. The spectra were analyzed as described above and the results are also summarized in the tables. The species shown in Table 4.7 is the more abundant of the two. The methylene group freely rotates at room temperature but is stationary at 77 K, where splitting from two non-equivalent protons is observed for some orientations of the crystal. 

McClean, S., Whelan, R. D., Hosking, L. K., Hodges, G. M., Thompson, F. H., Meyers, M. B., Schuurhuis, G. J., Hill, B. T., Characterization of the P-glycoprotein over-expressing drug resistance phenotype exhibited by Chinese hamster ovary cells following their in-vitro exposure to fractionated X-irradiation, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1993, 1177, 117-126. 

Kamiguchi Y., and K. Mikamo, Dose Response Relationship for Induction of Structural Chromosome Aberrations in Chinese Hamster Oocytes After X-Irradiation, Mutation Research 103 33-37 (1982). 

Pohl-RUling, J., P. Fischer, 0. Haas, G.Obe, A.T. Natarajan, P.P.W. van Buul, K.E. Buckton, N.0. Bianchi, M. Larramendy, M. KufcerovA, Z. PolikovA, A. Leonard, L. Fabry, F. Palitti, T.Sharma, W. Binder, R.N. Mukherjee, and U. Mukherjee, Effect of Low-Dose Acute X-Irradiation on the Frequencies of Chromosomal Aberrations in Human Peripheral Lymphocytes in Vitro, Mutation Research 110 7182 (1983) ... 

Sustained abnormally high levels of calcium in the cytosol lead to cell death (773). Indeed free Ca2+aq ions probably play a critical role in cell death, particularly in the central nervous and immune systems (774). The extent of their contribution in cellular response to irradiation, as in cases of excessive X-irradiation (775), has been assessed (68). 

Human sperm chromosomes retain a high fertilizing ability after a high dose of X-irradiation, although mammalian spermatozoa have little capacity to repair DNA damage induced by radiation (Kamiguchi et al. 1990). Radiation-induced death of lymphoid cells in rats is associated with damage to the cell itself but may also be due to secretions from irradiation-activated natural killer cells that induce pycnosis and interphase death in lymphoid cells (Eidus et al. 1990). 

Egami, M.I., C. Segreto, J. Kerbauy, andY. Juliano. 1991. Effects of whole-body X-irradiation on the peripheral blood of primate Cebus apella. Braz. Jour. Med. Biol. Res. 24 271-274. 

Kamiguchi, Y., H. Tateno, and K. Mikamo. 1990. Types of structural chromosome aberrations and their incidences in human spermatozoa X-irradiated in vitro. Mutat. Res. 228 133-140. 

Patt, H.M. and M.N. Swift. 1948. Influence of temperature on the response of frogs to X irradiation. Amer. Jour. Physiol. 155 388-393. 

Prokopchak, M.J., D.P. Spangenberg, and J. Shaeffer. 1990. The effects of X irradiation on the metamorphosis and budding of Aurelia aurita. Radiation Res. 124 34A2. 

Sicard, R.E. and M.F. Lombard. 1990. Putative immunological influence upon amphibian forelimb regeneration. II. Effects of X-irradiation on regeneration and autograft rejection. Biol. Bull. 178 21-24. 

Sweigert, S.E. and D. Carroll. 1990. Repair and recombination of X-irradiated plasmids in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Molec. Cell. Biol. 10 5849-5856. 

Yonezawa, M., A. Takeda, and J. Misonoh. 1990. Acquired radioresistance after low dose X-irradiation in mice. Jour. Radiation Res. 31 256-262. 

Several ENDOR investigations on X-irradiated, Cu(II)-, and VO(II)-doped single crystals of triglycine sulfate (TGS) in its ferroelectric phase have been reported by Windsch... 

The main effects of dose rate are due to an increase in temperature of the polymer and depletion of oxygen (for irradiation in air) at high dose rates. It seems unlikely that direct effects of dose rate should occur for electron, gamma and X irradiation, due to the low spatial density of the ionizations and excitations. 

Barbaralene [85] undergoes a rapid Cope rearrangement with a doublewell potential. The radical cation was studied using CIDNP by Roth (1987) after one-electron oxidation of [85] by y or X-irradiation. On the time-scale of the CIDNP experiment ( 10 8s), a single-minimum potential energy surface was found, i.e. bishomoaromatic structure [156] was suggested. 

The production of chromosomal abnormalities by ozone was first observed in plants by Fetner, who noted abnormal anaphases in the root tips of Vicia fava seeds exposed to ozone. Bacterial mutagenesis by ozone has been reported by a number of investigators. Hamelin and Chung noted an increased mutation rate in Escherichia coli exposed to ozone at as low as 0.05 ppm for 5 min and observed that the mutants were sensitive to ozone and X irradiation. They suggested that ozone might interact in DNA repair processes. Other studies indicating ozone-induced... 

Chinese hamsters exposed to ozone at 0.2 ppm for 5 h had an increased number of chromosomal breaks in their circulating lymphocytes. Blood samples for study were obtained immediately after exposure and 6 and 15.5 days later. The highest break frequency was observed after the longest delay. The authors compared the effects of X irradiation and ozone singly and combined, in their system. The combined effects were less than additive this suggested some protective mechanism, perhaps analogous to that observed by Hattori et al When the authors extrapolated their data to acceptable industrial-hygiene exposures to ozone and radiation, ozone was found to be much more likely than X irradiation to produce chromosomal breaks in such exposures. 

Hattori, K., N. Kato, M. Kinoshita, S. Kinoshita, and T. Sunada. Protective effect of ozone in mice against whole-body X-irradiation. Nature 198 1220, 1%3. 

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