Wyoming coal

Both FLEXICOKING and partial oxidation are commercial processes for petroleum residue (12,13). In addition, partial oxidation has been utilized to generate Synthesis gas with coal as a feed (14,15). Coal liquefaction bottoms have been processed in small pilot units in recent studies including Exxon s 2 B/D FLEXICOKING pilot plant (3) and Texaco s 12 T/D partial oxidation unit (16). Studies in Exxon s unit have included EDS bottoms from Illinois and Wyoming coals while SRC-I, SRC-II, H-Coal and... 

The attendent higher solvent recycle rate required for Wyoming coal will reduce the net benefit of bottoms recycle and will require critical comparison with the non-recycle case. 

PANELIST WOLK They have been looking for deposits of calcium processing Wyoming coal. I think there have been some very small concentrations of oolite, like structures found in the residues that have been looked at. Obviously, some of the calcium ends up on the catalyst, but it is a small proportion. The wall deposits have been checked for calcium concentration and they have been minimal. Whether that is a function of the reactor diameter using the PDU, the turbulence of the bed or really a lack of detailed observation, I don t really know. But it has not proved to be an operating problem with the H-Coal process. The period of time covered with subbituminous coal runs have been as long as thirty days. 

The sulfur is relatively easy to remove and the nitrogen is relatively difficult to remove. One of my slides showed that the nitrogen content of products from the Wyoming coal is about the same as from Illinois coal or from the lignite from Texas. 

The confusion which has resulted from Federal and State Air Quality laws has prevented electric utilities from making future commitments for coal. As a result, coal companies are not making the commitments to new coal mines either. Many of the new mines which are listed as planned in current forecasts ha e already been delayed due to environmental suits and other restraints. Examples are the Kaiparowitz project in Utah and a number of other Wyoming coal projects. 

Seven fuels were burned in these initial tests two petroleum fuels, one regular sulfur fuel oil (RSFO) and a low sulfur fuel oil (LSFO), and five EDS fuel oils. The EDS fuel oils were blended from components produced in the one ton per day pilot unit at the Exxon Research and Engineering site in Baytown, Texas. Products from the liquefaction of two coals, a bituminous Illinois coal from the Monterey No. 6 mine, and a sub-bituminous Wyoming coal from the Wyodak mine, were tested. Fuel oil blends were made with products from each of the coals, with and without coker liquids, to produce four of the EDS fuels. The fuel oil derived from Illinois coal containing coker liquids was blended... 

Deactivation owing to metal poisoning was not determined. The Wyoming coal contained significant amounts of iron, calcium, magnesium, sodium, and titanium. Some of these metals would exist in the coal tar and be deposited on the catalyst. However, concentrations were too low to be significant compared with the aged catalyst from a trickle-bed operation. 

Natural Gas Wyoming Coal Montana Coal Residual Oil Utilities... 

Raw Material Natural Gas Residual Oil Wyoming Coal Montana Coal Power Power... 

Basic information on facilities investment, coal, utilities, and operating labor for the 100 million SCF/day base case was obtained from Reference (JO and adjusted to a mid-1979 basis. Based upon the economic evaluation guidelines for 100 million SCF/day hydrogen production with Wyoming coal at 20/ton ( 1.17/106 Btu), the total capital required is 298.8 X 106 and the hydrogen price is 3.66/103 SCF, or 11.20/106 Btu. For Illinois coal at 20/ton, total capital required is 270.1 X 106 and hydrogen price is 3.19/103 SCF, or 9.76/106 Btu. 

Raw Material Natural Gas at Residual Oil at Wyoming Coal Montana Electric Power Electric Power... 

TABLE I. Analyses of subbitumiwous coals from major Wyoming coal fields... 

The effect of hydrogen on coal pyrolysis can further be illustrated by Figure 4, where we compared derivative thermograms of Wyoming coal pyrolyzed at 200 psig of N2 and 200 psig of H2 at the same heating rates (20 C/min). The secondary hydropyrolysis peak... 

Figure 2. Typical pressure TGA thermograms of Wyoming coal heated at 50 C/min and 500 psig H2 ...

Figure 4. A comparison of thermograms between Wyoming coal pyrolyzed in 200 psig N2 and 200 psig H2 at 20 C/min.

Figure 5. The effect of heating rate on devolatilization rate of Wyoming coal hydropyrolysis.

Figure 7. FT-IR monitor of Wyoming coal pyrolysis under 500 psig H2 at various temperatures.

Furnace injection systems are similar to the tail-end design except the limestone additive is injected into the furnace and removed in the scrubber. Two of these units, one of 125 MW and another of 430 MW, are installed at the Lawrence Station of Kansas Power and Light Co. Two more units of this design, each of 100 MW, are installed at the Hawthorn Station of Kansas City Power and Light Co. although one is currently being operated as a tail-end system on low sulfur Wyoming coal. 

The ash samples from Wyoming coal (WYO-FA, CCWY-FA and CCWY-BA) produce a leachate that is least likely to degrade groundwater supplies. Samples from the Interior Coal Province (SI-BA, SI-FA, NEMO-FA, OK-BA and OK-FA) present the greatest potential for contamination to ground-water, particularly NEMO-FA. The EKY-FA sample from the Eastern Coal Province is intermediate between these two groups. 

Figure 6. C CP/MAS spectra of heated and unhealed Wyoming coal. Key ...

One of the reasons that Powder River Basin (Wyoming) coals are widely used for pulverized coal combustion power plants (despite the relatively low heating value) is the low sulfur content. With the increased restrictions on sulfur dioxide emission regulations, coal combustion power plants looking to avoid expensive and efficiency-reducing flue gas desulfurization retrofits have switched to low-sulfur Powder River Basin coal. There is also the possibility that western coals can be combined with petroleum coke in order to increase the heating value and decrease the moisture content of the gasification feedstock. 

Plastics have a stored energy for combustion due to their inherent material source is petroleum. One kilogram of plastics can generate twice as much energy as Wyoming coal and almost as much energy as fuel oil (SPI 2013). When combusted in a modem waste-to-energy... 

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