Wyoming

Another dynamic iastmment, the Scentometer, is the basis for odor regulations ia the states of Colorado, Illinois, Kentucky, Missouri, Nevada, and Wyoming, and ia the District of Columbia (324). The portable Scentometer (Bameby-Cheney) can produce dilution ratios up to 128 1 ia the field. The Scentometer blends two air streams, one of which has been deodorized with activated carbon. The dilution ratio is decreased until the odor becomes detectable (325). Improvements to dynamic methods have been recommended (326). 

Capital and operating costs for soda ash production are extremely site specific (29,10). Key factors iaclude iafrastmcture development, freight to consumers, local energy and labor costs, and by-product saleabiUty. 1990 Hst price of bulk natural soda ash was 108/t, F.O.B. Wyoming. 

R. B. Parker, ed.. Contributions to Geology, Trona Issue, University of Wyoming, Spring 1971. 

Fig. 14. Preferred Hquefaction-coking Hquid yields in the EDS process for various coals where Hrepresents Flexicoking Hquids and , Hquefaction Hquids (124). A, Ireland (West Virginia) B, Monterey (Illinois) C, Burning Star (Illinois) D, Wyodak (Wyoming) and E, Big Brown (Texas).

The TOSCOAL Process. The Oil Shale Corp. (TOSCO) piloted the low temperature carbonization of Wyoming subbituminous coals over a two-year period in its 23 t/d pilot plant at Rocky Falls, Colorado (149). The principal objective was the upgrading of the heating value in order to reduce transportation costs on a heating value basis. Hence, the soHd char product from the process represented 50 wt % of the starting coal but had 80% of its heating value. 

Properties. Results for the operation using subbituminous coal from the Wyodad mine near Gillette, Wyoming, are shown in Table 13. Char yields decreased with increasing temperature, and oil yields increased. The Fischer assay laboratory method closely approximated the yields and product assays that were obtained with the TOSCOAL process. 

Long Valley in east-central California, the Valles Caldera of north-central New Mexico, and the Yellowstone region of northwestern Wyoming. The sizes of these magma bodies may be in excess of 1000 km of fluid rock at temperatures in excess of 650°C. It has been estimated that only 2 km of magma could provide enough energy to operate a 1000-MW electric power plant for 30 years. 

The amount of soda ash, Na2C02, produced by the Solvay process has decreased, and most soda ash now comes from the Trona, Wyoming deposits (trona, Na2C02 NaHCO 2H20). Caustic soda, NaOH, solutions may be used ia wet batchiag processes as a source of soda (see Alkali and... 

The principal source of helium is certain natural gas fields. The helium contents of more than 10,000 natural gases in various parts of the world have been measured (9). Helium concentrations of a few are Hsted in Table 2. In the United States, recovery of helium is economical only for helium-rich gases containing more than about 0.3 vol % belium. Most of the United States helium resources are located in the midcontinent and Rocky Mountain regions, and about 89% of the known United States supply is in the Hugoton field in Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas the Keyes field in Oklahoma the Panhandle and Cliffside fields in Texas and the Riley Ridge area in Wyoming (11). 

Alkalies. In the 1960s, 3.2-34 x 10 t /yr of lime was captively produced by the U.S. alkaH industry for manufacturing soda ash and sodium bicarbonate via the Solvay process. Electrolytic process caustic soda and natural soda ash (trona) from Wyoming have largely replaced the Solvay process. Three of the trona producers in Wyoming now purchase quicklime for producing caustic soda. 

Hectorite usually contains 0.3—0.6% Li or 0.7—1.3% Li20. Deposits are found in Nevada, California, Utah, Oregon, Wyoming, Ari2ona, and New Mexico. 

Domestic. Estimates of U.S. uranium resources for reasonably assured resources, estimated additional resources, and speculative resources at costs of 80, 130, and 260/kg of uranium are given in Table 1 (18). These estimates include only conventional uranium resources, which principally include sandstone deposits of the Colorado Plateaus, the Wyoming basins, and the Gulf Coastal Plain of Texas. Marine phosphorite deposits in central Elorida, the western United States, and other areas contain low grade uranium having 30—150 ppm U that can be recovered as a by-product from wet-process phosphoric acid. Because of relatively low uranium prices, on the order of 20.67/kg U (19), in situ leach and by-product plants accounted for 76% of total uranium production in 1992 (20). 

The first reactor, SM-1, was operated at Fort Belvoir, Virginia. Others were located ia Wyoming, Greenland, Alaska, and Antarctica. The fuel consisted of highly enriched uranium as the dioxide, dispersed ia stainless steel as plates or rods. Details are available ia Reference 18. 

Estimates of oil shale deposits by continent are given in Table 1 (2). Characteristics of many of the world s best known oil shales are summarized in Table 2 (3,4). Oil shale deposits in the United States occur over a wide area (Table 3). The most extensive deposits, covering ca 647,000 km (250,000 mi ), are the Devonian-Mississippian shales of the eastern United States (5). The richest U.S. oil shales are in the Green River formation of Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming. Typical mineral and organic analyses for Green River oil shale are given in Table 4. 

Green River Formation, ie, Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming 636 445 191 318 223 83... 

The western phosphates are sedimentary deposits in adjoining areas of Wyoming, Idaho, and Utah derived from a former inland sea. They consist of layers of limestone, phosphate, and chert, now budded and faulted so they are rarely horizontal. The phosphate ore is strip-mined using large earth-moving equipment such as shovels, scrappers, dump tmcks, and bulldozers to mine the overburden and phosphate ore. Mining ratios of overburden to metric ton of recovered ore are from 1—3 m /1 (2—4 yd /short ton). The typical mining practice is to remove ore and overburden from a pit in discrete layers (Lifts) of 10—20 m in depth. Overburden from the pit is back-hauled to a previously mined pit. Extensive land reclamation practices are later carried out to return the mine areas to natural states. 

A second field evaluation of the ASP process has been initiated in Wyoming. Additionally, an ASP field project has been designed for the Peoples Repubhc of China. The appHcability of the ASP process to a variety of reservoirs has yet to be fully determined. AppHcation of alkali and alkali polymer flooding has been limited to cmde oils having discernible acid numbers, wherein the alkali produced cmde oil soaps which in combination with alkali resulted in providing low interfacial tensions. The ASP process appears to be suitable for cmde oils with nil acid numbers (177), and hence should have broad apphcabdity. 

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