World scientific laboratories

At present in world scientific laboratories a new polymers large amount is synthesized from which small part only reaches industrial production stage [47], It is naturally, that this work requires much time and means expenditure. These expenditures can be decreased essentially by new polymers properties prediction techniques development, proceeding from their chemical constitution. 

S. Kuhn, K. Schopf, and R. W. Schrittwieser, Current Research on Fusion, Laboratory, andAstrophysicalPlasma, World Scientific Publishing Co., Inc.,... 

The plum pudding structure of the atom was short-lived. It was disproved by Ernest Rutherford, one of Thomsons best students. Rutherford was an unlikely scientist. He was born and raised in rural New Zealand, about as far as you can get from the worlds scientific centers. He became interested in science while in elementary school. He did well at it immediately, winning scholarship after scholarship and degree after degree, all in physics or mathematics. At age 23, Rutherford got the job he wanted. He was awarded a fellowship to study at Cambridge. He elected to work with J.J. Thomson at the Cavendish Laboratory, the most advanced physics lab in the world. 

During World War II, the Los Alamos Laboratory in New Mexico conducted a highly secret and successful operation to build the world s first atomic bomb. The bomb ended the war, and politicians as well as scientists began to appreciate the benefits of establishing scientific laboratories and conducting research. The national laboratory at Los Alamos continued its work on atomic physics and other projects after the war, and in the early 1950s, the physicists Ernest Lawrence (1901-58) at the University of California, Berkeley, and Edward Teller (1908-2003), then at Los Alamos, urged the establishment of another laboratory. Under the supervision of the University of California, a new national laboratory was set up in Livermore, California, in 1952, with Herbert York (1921-2009), a former student of Lawrence, as its first director. 

Kolb, C. E., D. R. Worsnop, M. S. Zahniser, P. Davidovits, L. F. Keyser, M.-T. Leu, M. J. Molina, D. R. Hanson, A. R. Ravis-hankara, L. R. Williams, and M. A. Tolbert, Laboratory Studies of Atmospheric Heterogeneous Chemistry, in Current Problems in Atmospheric Chemistry (J. R. Barker, Ed.), Advances in Physical Chemistry Series, World Scientific, Singapore, 1995. 

In order to meet the unique situation created by the development of this new art we would propose that free interchange of all scientific information on this subject be established under the auspices of an international office deriving its power from whatever association of nations is developed at the close of the present war. We would propose further that as soon as practical the technical staff of this office be given free access in all countries not only to the scientific laboratories where such work is contained, but to the military establishments as well. We recognize that there will be great resistance to this measure, but believe the hazards to the future of the world are sufficiently great to warrant this attempt. 

With respect to the ethical use of factual knowledge, evolutionary theory has often been misused, but is it more prone to misuse than other scientific theories A fascinating book by Rebecca Lemov titled World as Laboratory Experiments with Mice, Mazes and Men recounts the history of the social sciences in America, including the blank slate tradition of behaviorism. Grandiose expectations... 

Croft, William J. Under the Microscope A Brief History of Microscopy. Hackensack, N.J. World Scientific, 2006. Traces the microscope from early beginnings to modern instruments, discussing how each works. Hewitson, Tim D., and Ian A. Darby, eds. Histology Protocols. New York Humana Press, 2010. This laboratory manual looks at tissue preparation and staining, with explanations of complex procedures. Ovalle, William K., and Patrick C. Nahirney. Netter s Essential Histology. Philadelphia Saunders/Else-vier, 2008. This atlas covers cells and tissues and the major bodily systems. Features a great collection of images by Frank H. Netter. 

CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, is one of the largest and most prestigious scientific laboratories in the world. It is dedicated to the discovery of the constitution and laws of the universe. It uses the most complex scientific instruments to probe the ultimate eonstituents of matter the fundamental particles. By studying what happens when these partieles collide, physicists learn about the laws of nature. 

At present a large number of new polymers is synthesised in scientific laboratories around the world, from which only a small part reaches the industrial production stage [48]. Naturally, such work requires large expenditures of time and means. These expenditures can be reduced essentially by the development of methods of the prediction of the properties of new polymers, proceeding from their chemical constitution [49]. 

CUNNINGHAM c o (2004), Use of molecular diagnostic tests in disease control making the leap from laboratory to field application, in Leung K-Y, Current Trends in the Study of Bacterial and Viral Fish and Shrimp Diseases, Molecular Aspects of Fish and Marine Biology, World Scientific Publishing Co, vol 3,292-312. 

Frisch then demonstrated in his laboratory the tremendous release of energy accompanying fission, and a short paper by Meitner and Frisch in the British journal Natnrcin 1939 revealed the moinelitous concept of nuclear fission to the scientific world. It provided a new source of energy for the Earth, while at the same time introducing the possibility of a new weapon capable of tinbelicr able destructive power. 

The origins of the national laboratoiy network can be traced back to the late 1940s and the beginning of the atomic age. At the end of World War II, the scientific community, particularly the staffs from the Manhattan Project laboratories, lobbied Congress for civilian control of atomic power. Toward this end, the federal government transferred authority from the Army to the newly established Atomic Energy... 

For scientific work the fundamental standard of mass is the international prototype kilogram, which is a mass of platinum-iridium alloy made in 1887 and deposited in the International Bureau of Weights and Measures near Paris. Authentic copies of the standard are kept by the appropriate responsible authorities in the various countries of the world these copies are employed for the comparison of secondary standards, which are used in the calibration of weights for scientific work. The unit of mass that is almost universally employed in laboratory work, however, is the gram, which may be defined as the one-thousandth part of the mass of the international prototype kilogram. 

In this review I have traced the experiences of my research associates and myself as we explored the role of boranes in chemistry. Initially diborane was a very rare substance, made in milligram quantities in only a few laboratories throughout the world and explored purely for its scientific interest. 

Unfortunately, the tension between the computational chemists and the medicinal chemists at pharmaceutical companies did not ease in the 1970s. Medicinal chemists were at the top of the pecking order in corporate research laboratories. This was an industry-wide problem revealed in conversations at scientific meetings where computational chemists from industry (there were not many) could informally exchange their experiences and challenges. (Readers should not get the impression that the tension between theoreticians and experimentalists existed solely in the business world. It also existed in academic chemistry departments.)... 

As the chemical industry expanded, Perkin continued his own scientific research in the peace of his private laboratory. He had not lost his touch. Among the synthetic methods he discovered is one now called the Perkin reaction. He used it to make a synthetic substitute for a vegetable substance called coumarin, which has a pleasant, vanillalike odor. Coumarin spawned the synthetic perfume business and made luxurious scents available to all. Once again, a Perkin chemical started a new industry, albeit a modest one in comparison with dyes and pharmaceuticals. Despite the worldwide impact of Perkins discoveries, he was not knighted by the British monarchy until 1906, the fiftieth anniversary of his discovery of mauve. The world chemistry community feted him lavishly that year, and he traveled to the United States collecting further honors. A year later, at the age of 69, he died peacefully, at home. 

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