United States Collection

As the chemical industry expanded, Perkin continued his own scientific research in the peace of his private laboratory. He had not lost his touch. Among the synthetic methods he discovered is one now called the Perkin reaction. He used it to make a synthetic substitute for a vegetable substance called coumarin, which has a pleasant, vanillalike odor. Coumarin spawned the synthetic perfume business and made luxurious scents available to all. Once again, a Perkin chemical started a new industry, albeit a modest one in comparison with dyes and pharmaceuticals. Despite the worldwide impact of Perkins discoveries, he was not knighted by the British monarchy until 1906, the fiftieth anniversary of his discovery of mauve. The world chemistry community feted him lavishly that year, and he traveled to the United States collecting further honors. A year later, at the age of 69, he died peacefully, at home. 

Plastics can be discarded and sent to local landfills for disposal. In 2010, the United States collected over 250 miUion tons MSW. In 2010,34.1% or 85 million tons of solid waste was recycled or composted. Residential waste comprises approximately 64% of the MSW and commercial waste comprises 35% of the waste. Table 6.3 lists the materials collected at a typical landfill in the United States in 2010. Organics are the largest component of the waste stream sent to landfills. Paper and cardboard account for 29%, food and yard trimmings account for 27%, plastics comprise 12%, metals are at 9%, rubber and textiles are at 8%, wood at 6%, glass at 5% miscellaneous at 3% (EPA Municipal 2010). 

Of the 200 million tons of municipal solid waste collected in the United States in 1993 (1), 22% was recycled while 62% was placed in landfills and 16% incinerated (2). Plastics comprised 9.3% of these materials. The number of U.S. residential collection programs increased from 1,000 in 1988 to more than 7,000 involving more than 100 million people in 1993 (2). Approximate 1994 U.S. recycling rates are given in Table 1. 

Blood can be collected ia the form of whole blood donations. In the United States, one unit, ie, 450 mL, of blood is collected from a healthy volunteer blood donor who is allowed to donate blood once every 10 weeks. A unit of blood is typically separated iato a red cell fraction, ie, red cell concentrate a platelet fraction, ie, random donor platelets (RDP) and plasma. 

Procedures for the collection of whole blood are similar throughout the world. An interval from at least 8 weeks (United States) to 12 weeks (United Kingdom) is required between a donation of 450 mL blood, which yields about 250 mL plasma. In some countries a smaller volume of blood is collected, eg, 350—400 mL in Italy, Greece, and Turkey and as Httie as 250 mL in some Asian countries (147). Regulations concerning plasmapheresis donations vary more widely across the world eg, up to 300 mL of plasma can be taken in Europe in contrast to 1000 mL in the United States, both on a weekly basis. Consequentiy, both the mode of donation and the country in which it is given can have a profound effect on plasma collection (Table 6). 

J. H. Ashworth, Y. M. Bihun, and M. La2ams, Universe of U.S. Commercial-Scale Anaerobic Digesters Results of SERJ/ARD Data Collection, Solar Energy Research Institute, Golden, Colo., May 30,1985 J. H. Ashworth, Problems With Installed Commercial Anaerobic Digesters in the United States Results of Site Visits, Rev. ed.. Solar Energy Research Institute, Golden, Colo., Nov. 6, 1985. 

Secondary Lead. The emphasis in technological development for the lead industry in the 1990s is on secondary or recycled lead. Recovery from scrap is an important source for the lead demands of the United States and the test of the world. In the United States, over 70% of the lead requirements are satisfied by recycled lead products. The ratio of secondary to primary lead increases with increasing lead consumption for batteries. WeU-organized collecting channels are requited for a stable future for lead (see BATTERIES, SECONDARY CELLS Recycling NONFERROUS METALS). 

In the United States, there is no national qualifying or licensing body for pharmacists. Licensure requirements are promulgated by State boards of pharmacy that administer examinations, issue internship requirements, and oversee the practice of pharmacy. The National Association of Boards of Pharmacy serves the collective needs of the state boards. This organisation has no Hcensure authority. However, it has developed a standardized Hcensure examination (NABPLEX), which as of this writing (ca 1995) is used by 48 states (see Licensing). 

More often than not, however, the demand for post-consumer materials has failed to keep pace with this boom in collection. In many regions of the United States and elsewhere, the supply of recyclable materials is so great that cities have been forced to either store the materials or curtail the number of items collected. Many principal cities worldwide have reported occasions when source-separated materials were actually sent to dumps or incinerators rather than being recycled (4). 

The State of New Jersey s Mandatory Recycling Act requked counties and municipalities to recycle 60% of the municipal soUd waste stream by 1995 (1). Although the law does not requke curbside collection systems, this is by far the most popular recycling collection method in New Jersey. By 1993, New Jersey reached a 46% recycling rate and led the United States in recycling. 

Natural resins have been collected by hand throughout recorded history and used with minimal processing. They are reported to have been used in the arts, both in paints and for polishing sculptures, as early as 350 BC. Amber, the hardest of these resins, has been used as a gemstone from early Greek history to modem times. The electrical properties of amber were first recorded about 300 BC. Following is a description of commercial natural resins that are available in the United States. 

The traditional natural resins are collected or isolated from trees, primarily in the more moderate climates of the world. Before World War II, annual consumption of these resins in the United States was about 18,000—23,000 t. This dropped to about 9000 t/yr by the late 1940s. The total imported volume in 1995 is estimated at <500 t. These resins have been replaced by synthetic resins in most industrial appHcations. Traditional natural resins are sold in bulk quantities for about 1.32— 6.60/kg. Special grades of these resins are sold for as much as 132/kg. The largest importer of traditional natural resins is P. 

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