Woollen fabrics

The polycarbamylsulphonates are water-soluble reactive bisulphite adducts of polyisocyanates and are being investigated as possible materials to render woollen fabrics crease-resistant. 

Dyeing Test.—1 gram of the powdered cochineal is boiled repeatedly with water, all the solutions obtained being united and made up to a litre. For each gram of woollen fabric, 100 c.c. of this solution is used, this being diluted with water with addition of 3% of oxalic acid and 1-5% of tin salt (referred to the weight of the fabric). 

Shoddy. It is well known that in the manufacture of woollen fabrics use is made not only of natural wool direct from the sheep but also of wool recovered from old yarn, fabrics, etc., this being termed shoddy. Wool may indeed be thus recovered several times. The attrition caused by wear and washing naturally modifies the superficial parts and afterwards the inner layers of the fibres, the structure of the latter as well as the strength and elasticity being changed. 

In fact, microscopic examination of a woollen fabric, especially if carded, often reveals the presence of a considerable proportion of fibres whioh do not show the finely toothed outline and the sharply cut ends of natural wool fibres but have evidently undergone profound change (Fig. 86, Plate IX). These fibres may be free from scales either entirely or for more or less of their length, or the scales may be so worn as to be visible only with difficulty. Further, owing to the loss of the outer scales and consequent wearing of the lower fibrous layer, such fibres, which are sometimes very short (scarcely 1-2 mm.) and of irregular diameter, exhibit ends split like a brush. 

In reoxidation by means of the air, the reduced sample may be exposed to ammonia vapour, which in many cases accelerates the reoxidation. If the colour does not reappear under these conditions, treatment with a cold, saturated potassium persulphate solution or with 1% ammonium persulphate solution is tried in accordance with the indications given for woollen fabrics (see p. 473). 

Bry. R.E-, Boatwright. K.K., l.ang, J.H. and Simonaitis, R.A. (1977). Lung-lentl protection of woollen fabrics with syitergised pyrethrins. Pyrtth. Post 14, 26 29. 

Wool has poor combustion properties and are very sensitive to temperatures and hence woollen materials are not subjected to intense flame like cotton. In woollen fabric flame is not generally allowed to penetrate the material and this can be obtained by blowing air through the fabric from the opposite side of the flame so that the flame will be restricted only on the surface of the fabric. Alternatively, the fabric can be guided to water cooled guide rollers allowing the flame to heat the cloth. When the flame strikes the fabric it is reflected by air/steam cushion created within the material. 

Figure 5-24. Carbonising range for woollen fabric (Courtesy of Fleissner GmbH Co. Germany).

Figure 5-26. Continuous range for solvent carbonising of woollen fabrics (Courtesy of Sperotto Rimar, Italy).

Enzymatic pre-treatments to protein fibres are generally concentrated on wool and silk. It is possible to remove skin residues, skin grease and vegetable matter ol wool by enzymatic degradation method. Furthermore, the wool surface can be modified, and felt free finishing with simultaneous improvement of lustre and handle of woollen fabric is possible by enzyme treatment. 

Beech, Franklin, The Dyeing of Woollen Fabrics, London, Scott, Greenwood Co., 1902. 

Hsieh, S.H., Huang, Z.K., Huang, Z.Z. and Tseng, Z.S. (2004) Antimicrobial and physictil properties of woollen fabrics cured with citric acid and chitostm. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 94,1999-2007. 

In order to test the type of foam, the slab is covered by a standardized woollen fabric. The igniting source is located at the junction of the seat and the back or at the corner with the arm-rest, or below the chair . The material passes the test if neither glowing nor flaming is observed 120 s after the extinction of the igniting source. 

Fulling Soap.—The following formulae are given by Mr. Eingzett for a soft soap to be used for cleansing and Bcouring woollen fabrics —... 

Camel hair is from the extremely soft and fine fur from the undercoat of the camel, light weight and soft, it is said that a 22 02. camel fabric is as warm as a 32 oz. woollen fabric. 

The development of chemical technology has made it possible to produce high-grade silk and woollen fabrics, extremely valuable plastics, synthetic rubber, leather substitutes, detergents (soaps), dyestuffs, etc., all from our crude oil resources. The synthetic materials being produced at present are of very high quality. In many cases components of various machines, mechanisms and structural designs made from special plastics have proved to be superior in quality to identical components made of steel, iron, brass and other metals. The position is the same with a number of other synthetic materials used to produce a wide variety of components that are also employed in many other branches of the national economy, and also in everyday life. 

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