Wool emulsion

In wool scouring, the contaminants on the wool, mainly grease, dirt, suint, and protein material, are washed off the fiber and remain in the wastewaters either in emulsions or suspension (grease, dirt, protein) or in solution (suint). Centrifugal extraction of the wastewaters produces a grease contaminated with detergent and suint. This product is called wool grease. 

If the phase separation does not occur, the reaction mixture is transferred into a separating funnel. A small amount of methanol is added to the mixture (5 mL) followed by a very brief shaking. Immediate phase separation often occurs, allowing for the simple removal of the lower organic phase. If the emulsion is still a problem, then the mixture is filtered once or twice through a small plug of glass wool washed with dichloromethane. 

Mechanical Means Coalescence may be achieved by mechanically creating turbulence on the surfaces of the droplets either by passing the emulsion through a bed of glass-wool or by stirring with the help of a glass-rod simply,... 

It is liquid-liquid reactions involving phase transfer catalysts which generally benefit from the use of ultrasound. Sonication produces homogenisation - i. e. very fine emulsions - which greatly increase the reactive interfacial area and allows faster reaction at lower temperatures. Davidson has reported an example of this with the ultrasonically enhanced saponification of wool waxes by aqueous sodium hydroxide using tetra n-heptyl ammonium bromide as a PTC [124]. 

Fig. 31. Polymerization of ethyl acrylate by wool swelling at 25° C using water as a swelling agent (60% aquesous emulsion with 3.2% Triton X-405) (105)...

Oxadiazole derivatives have been tested in the textile industry as antistatic agents for textile finishes,232,233 thermally stable polymers,82, 234,235 fluorescent whiteners,236 oil and water repellents on cotton and wool,237 and blue dyes for polyesters and polyamides.238 Oxadiazole merocyanine dyes have been patented as photosensitizers for silver halide emulsions.239... 

Similar grafting experiments by the emulsion technique were described (34) in the system vinyl chloride/copolymer butyl methacrylate-methacrylic acid and in the reverse system, and also in the system styrene/polyvinyl chloride. In this last case again as in homogenous medium, the inverse process failed (vinyl chloride on polystyrene). Grafted acrylonitrile copolymers were also prepared in order to improve their dyeability, by polymerizing acrylonitrile in emulsion in the presence of many different polymers as polyvinyl alcohol, polymethacrylamide and polyvinylpyrrolidone (119, 120, 121), polyvinyl acetate and polyacrylic acid (115), wool (224,225), proteins (136), etc. 

Hoppe, U. and Larsson, K., Water-in-oil emulsions — a study of wool-wax alcohols systems, J. Despersion Sci. Technol., 2, 433,1981. 

Agricultural pesticides were found to be effective insect resist agents when applied in emulsion form to wool dyebaths. Dieldrin (Fig. 16.2a), one of the original nerve poisons, is also highly toxic to mammals and aquatic life and its use has been banned in most countries. Products based on permethrin (Fig. 16.2b), a synthetic pyrethroid, are very effective against moth larvae, but have less effect on Anthrenus beetles. To overcome this disadvantage, combination products of permethrin and hexahydropyrimidine derivatives (Fig. 16.2c) have been introduced. 

This material is a nonionic, 100% active antistatic material designed for general antistatic use. This material is recommended for use on synthetic fibers as well as for the processing of wool where processing oils and emulsions are also present. ECCOSTAT P would be in the non-durable category of antistatic agents. 

Water-in-oil emulsions traditionally contain surfactants of natural origin such as cholesterol, wool fat, wool alcohols, lanolin, divalent salts of fatty acids soaps, calcium oleate and/or synthetic agents of low hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) (indicating high lipophilicity), such as Spans (fatty acid esters of sorbi-tan). An example of such a product is Oily Cream B.P. which consists of a 1 1 mixture of wool alcohols and water. 

The fibers from the fiber-shredding units fall into a fleece shaft with a perforated conveyor belt at the bottom. The fibers are deposited as a thick fleece due to the application of a slight vacuum. A lubricating oil emulsion (e.g. vegetable oil) is added to the fleece shaft to reduce the frictional forces and hence the chafing of fibers. In the absence of binders the fibers can be used as loose wool or stitched or nailed onto a support, such as wire gauze, crepe paper or corrugated paper, into mats. 

Some of the commercial uses which the machine suggests are the recovery of oil from soap stock, the dehydration of crude petroleum and emulsions, the separation of amorphous wax from cylinder stock and the recovery of wool grease from waste scouring liquors. A brief description of the last application will make the commercial use of the machine plain. 

Use Scrubbing acid gases (TLjS, C02), especially in synthesis of ammonia, from gas streams nonionic detergents used in dry cleaning, wool treatment, emulsion paints, polishes, agricultural sprays chemical intermediates, pharmaceuticals, corrosion inhibitor, rubber accelerator. 

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