With carhon dioxide

Anderson, TE. 1969 Self-diffusion of carhon and oxygen in calcite hy isotope exchange with carhon dioxide. Journal of Geophysical Research 74 3918-3932. 

Barium oxide reacts with water forming hydroxide, and with carhon dioxide it forms harium carbonate. Both reactions are rapid and exothermic ... 

The metal reacts with carhon dioxide at elevated temperatures, forming lithium carbonate, Li2COs. 

Kolbe-Schmitt reaction (Section 24.10) The high-pressure reaction of the sodium salt of a phenol with carhon dioxide to give an o-hydroxybenzoic acid. The Kolbe-Schmitt reaction is used to prepare salicylic acid in the synthesis of aspirin. 

USE OF PROTECTIVE CASES. Apart from pasteurization, there are a few other methods of giving fruit juices a long shelf life. Covering with carhon dioxide is one of them. 

This so-called Seitz-Bohi process was in great vogue in the 1930s. The juice was covered with carhon dioxide in pressurized tanks. Carhon dioxide was pumped into the tanks until the pressure was well above atmospheric, thus preventing fermentation. It was not possible to inactivate all microorganisms with the overpressures used. The fruit juices changed, and many of them suffered spoilage as a result. For this reason the Seitz-Bohi process never became very important. 

Glucose is the primary chemical from which plants and animals derive energy. In cells, glucose is broken down in a complex series of reactions to produce energy with carhon dioxide and water as byproducts. 

More conveniently, carbamate 811 can be synthesized by reaction of amines with carhon dioxide (CO2) and alkyl halides in the presence of bases [286]. 

Scheme 15.59 Direct C-H carbojq lation of heteroarenes with carhon dioxide employing copper catalysts.

Carix An ion-exchange process for purifying water, in which regeneration is accomplished with carhon dioxide. Developed in the 1980s by Kernforschungszentrum, Karlsruhe, Germany. 

As described above, the clostridial ABE fermentative path leads to synthesis of butanol, together with smaller amounts of acetone, ethanol and acetic and butyric acids, together with carhon dioxide and hydrogen (Branduardi et al. 2014). Normally, the solvent ratio of acetone, butanol and ethanol, respectively, is 3 6 1, and the total solvent concentration is around 20 g/L (Connor and Liao 2009). Many natural clostridial strains have the upper butanol tolerance limit at about 11-12 g/L. However, some mutants and engineered strains can tolerate up to 19 g/L of butanol (Jang et al. 2012a). 

In practice, this ratio is even lower than what is shown hy the stoichiometric equation because part of the methane is oxidized to carhon dioxide and water. When resids are partially oxidized hy oxygen and steam at 1400-1450°C and 55-60 atmospheres, the gas consists of equal parts of hydrogen and carhon monoxide. Table 4-2 compares products from steam reforming natural gas with products from partial oxidation of heavy fuel oil. 

The main reaction occurring in the secondary reformer is the partial oxidation of methane with a limited amount of air. The product is a mixture of hydrogen, carhon dioxide, carhon monoxide, plus nitrogen, which does not react under these conditions. The reaction is represented as follows ... 

The UK Environment Agency deals with over 6000 oil pollution incidents each year. One estimate suggests that the chemical industry contributes to 50% of all air pollution with proportions approximating to sulphur dioxide (36%), carhon dioxide (28%), nitrogen oxides (18%), carbon monoxide (14%) and black smoke (10%). Motor spirit refining is responsible for ca 26% of emissions of volatile organic compounds to the atmosphere. In 1996 there were over 20 000 reports of water pollution incidents with 155 successful prosecutions. 

In biological systems the oxidation of fuels by oxygen is a fundamental reaction by which energy is created, along with by-products such as water and carhon dioxide ... 

Carbohydrates are found in foods such as bread, pasta, potatoes, and fruits. They are the primary source of energy for the body. In a process called cellular respiration, carbohydrates combine with inhaled oxygen and are oxidized to produce carhon dioxide and water, plus energy. As shown in Figure 2.18, carhon dioxide and water vapour from cellular respiration are expelled in your hreath. 

FIGURE 4.8 Chiral selectivity as a function of amount and type of alcohol modifiers in the mobile phase in SFC. Conditions Al-(2-heptyl)-p-tolylamide enantiomers as the analyte 250 mm X 4.6 mm ID column, 10 xm silica particles coated with celhtlose trihenxoate carhon dioxide and various types and amounts of modifiers = methanol, o = ethanol, A = 1-butanol, x = 2-propanol, and = 2-butanol 25°C flow rate 4.5 mL/min at 0°C UV detection at 229 nm average column pressure 140 bar. (Reprinted from Macaudiere, R et al. 1989. J. Chromatogr. Sci. 27 383-394. With permission.)... 

Phosgene reacts with water forming hydrochloric acid and carhon dioxide COCI2 + H2O CO2 + 2HC1... 

When the solution is heated at 135°C, MnS04 is oxidized to Mn2(S04)3. Reaction with sulfuric acid in the presence of oxahc acid yields manganese(II) sulfate and carhon dioxide ... 

Water reacts with carhon monoxide at high temperatures (200 to 400°) in the presence of a catalyst to yield carhon dioxide and hydrogen. The reaction also is known as water-gas shift reaction ... 

Together, carhon dioxide and bicarbonate ions affect the acidity, or pH, of seawater. The pH is a measure of hydrogen ion (H+) concentration in a liquid. When carbon dioxide combines with hydrogen, it changes the amounts of hydrogen ions in the water and alters the pH. 

Levels of 3%/vol. carbon dioxide are quite tolerable for exposures lasting several days. For example, in the 1950s the U.S. Navy experimented with gas mixtures containing 3%/vol. carhon dioxide and 15%/vol. oxygen (25% less oxygen than in normal air), for use in American submarines with exposures lasting up to several weeks.4... 

The Fmoc group can be removed with mild bases such as ammonia, piperidine, or morpholine [281]. The cleavage goes through a rapid deprotonation of the fluorene group to generate an aromatic dibenzocyclopentadienide anion. In a subsequent slower step, elimination generates dibenzofulvene (itself an unstable species that rapidly adds nucleophiles) and a carbonate residue, which then decomposes with loss of carhon dioxide to release the free alcohol (O Scheme 47). 

Berger, T.A. Deye, J.F. Separation of benzene poly-carboxylic acids by packed column supercritical fluid chromatography using methanol-carhon dioxide mixtures with very polar additives. J. Chromatogr. Sci. 1991, 29, 141. 

Figure 21.8 Supercritical fluid extraction. Comparison of the solvation strength of the COj with respect to the usual solvents (HUdehrand scale) as a function of the temperature and pressure. The polarity of carhon dioxide in the supercritical state is comparable with that of hexane (for 100 atm and 35 °C). SPE is a method for which automation becomes a justified investment when the sample throughput is large. Above, sample extractor by supercritical fluids (Model SFE-703 reproduced courtesy of Dionex).

At the same temperature, the rate at which carbon dioxide molecules escape from the soft drink is the same whether the container is open or closed. When a soft drink is open to the air, the carhon dioxide molecules that escape can move farther from the surface of the liquid and are therefore less likely to collide with the surface of the liquid and return to the solution. This means a lower rate of return in the drink open to the air. Therefore, the difference between the rate of escape of the CO2 from the soft drink and the rate of return will he greater in the hottle open to the air, so there is a greater net rate of escape of the gas from the soft drink. 

Highly poisonous, odorless, colorless, tasteless gas. Very flammable, burns in air with a bright blue flame. Ignition pt in air 700. mp-205.0. bp-191.5°. d - M (liq) 0.814. d (gas) 0.968 (air — 1.000). dg at 760 mm 1.250 g/liter. The top pressure is 1500 psi. Flammable limits in air 12 to 75 vol %. Crit press 35 atm, crit temp — 139. Heat capacity at 20° 6.95 cal/mole/ C. Heal value per m3 3033 keal. Heat of formation — 26.39 kcal/mol. Dec into carbon and carhon dioxide between 400 and 700°, at lower temp when in contact with catalytic surfaces. Above 800° the equilibrium reaction favors CO formation. Hopcalite, a mixture of the oxides of manganese and copper, catalyzes the decompn at room temp, as does Pd on silica gel. Sparingly sol in water 3.3 ml /100 ml HjO at O 2.3 ml/100 ml HjO at 2(T freely absorbed by a coned soln of cuprous chloride in HC1 or in NHjOH. Appreciably sol in some organic solvents, such as ethyl acetate. CHCI. acetic acid- The soly in methanol and ethanol is about 7 times as great as the soly in water. 

Diorganomagnesium compounds have, apart from simple derivatization reactions with ketones or carhon dioxide, not often been used in organic. synthesis. An exception is 60a which (in the crude reaction mixture) on slow exposure to gaseous carbon dioxide (3 h at room temperature) gave 33% of cyclobutanone (70) this constitutes the most efficient preparation of this compound [44] (Scheme 11.24). 

---