Winterization Document

Chlordane-induced mortality of the long-billed curlew (Numenius americanus) has been documented at least four times since 1978, despite restriction of technical chlordane use since 1980 to subterranean applications for termite control (Blus et al. 1985). Death of these curlews was probably due to over-winter accumulations of oxychlordane of 1.5 to 5.0 mg/kg brain FW and of heptachlor epoxide at 3.4 to 8.3 mg/kg — joint lethal ranges for oxychlordane and heptachlor epoxide in experimental birds — compared to 6 mg/kg brain for oxychlordane alone and 9 mg/kg for heptachlor epoxide alone (Blus et al. 1985). Additional research is needed on toxic interactions of chlordane components with each other and with other chemicals in the same environment. 

The accident at the Chernobyl, Ukraine, nuclear reactor on April 26, 1986, contaminated much of the northern hemisphere, especially Europe, by releasing large amounts of radiocesium-137 and other radionuclides into the environment. In the immediate vicinity of Chernobyl at least 30 people died, more than 115,000 others were evacuated, and the consumption of locally produced milk and other foods was banned because of radiocontamination. The most sensitive local ecosystems were the soil fauna and pine forest communities. Elsewhere, fallout from Chernobyl measurably contaminated freshwater, marine, and terrestrial ecosystems, including flesh and milk of domestic livestock. Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) calves in Norway showed an increasing frequency of chromosomal aberrations that seemed to correlate with cesium-137 tissue concentrations tissue concentrations, in turn, were related to cesium-137 in lichens, an efficient absorber of airborne particles containing radiocesium and the main food source of reindeer during winter. A pattern similar to that of reindeer was documented in moose (Alces) in Scandinavia. 

There are many ways the acidification of lakes, rivers and streams harm fish. Mass fish mortalities occur (during the spring snow melt) when highly acidic pollutants— that have built up in the snow over the winter—begin to drain into common waterways. Such happenings have been well documented for salmon and trout in Norway. 

Canada [8]. In this document all three approaches have been performed after an extensive literature study of effects documented and environmental concentrations measured in the Canadian aquatic environment. Thus, based on the most sensitive endpoint found in the literature (LC50 of nonylphenol (NP) for winter flounder 17 pig L-1 [9]), and applying an uncertainty factor of 100, for NP a PNEC of 0.17 p.g L-1 was derived. Analogously, NEC were derived for nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEO) and nonylphenol ethoxy carboxylates (NPEC) these are listed in Table 7.4.1. 

Bilger has documented ozone and other oxidant measurements in Australia and compared them with those in other cities. Table 4-6 shows the portion of hours during which threshold concentrations were exceeded in Sydney in 1971, 1972, and 1973. Low concentrations were recorded before 1970, probably because of the proximity to nitric oxide emission sources in the central portion of the city. It is also noteworthy that, despite the calm conditions and strong inversion in the winter months (in the Southern Hemisphere), high-oxidant days were relatively infrequent. Figure 4-8 outlines this seasonal variation in oxidant concentration. In Melbourne, Australia, however, a high-ozone episode was observed during... 

J.-C. Pressac, op. cit. (note 9), pp. 338f. In his new book, op. cit. (note 21), Pressac reproduces a large photo showing an outside view of the ceiling of mortuary 1 of crematorium II, taken in winter 1943 (Document 27) - without any trace of an input hole ... 

United States, for example, compliance with label requirements may occur in the spring, fall or winter, but not during the hotter months of summer. The effect of season on exposure has been documented in the timber mill industry, and it has been recommended that studies incorporate a seasonal component into their designs (Teschke et al, 1994). 

Lessons learned CO exposures and poisonings were the most dramatic health concerns in the early aftermath of the ice storm. CO toxicity has been documented as a health concern following winter storms, especially during power outages. Many of the same mechanisms observed in previous outbreaks of CO poisoning (e.g., improper use of gasoline generators and fuel-powered heaters) may have played a role in Maine. 

Cutaneous adverse effects were the most frequent problem and (together with hepatic complications) the most serious 63% of 300 patients treated for 6 months complained of one or more adverse effects (total 259 reactions) 70% were cutaneous photosensitivity led to withdrawal in 30% of cases. Multiple subepidermal cysts (milia) on sun-exposed skin areas and onycholysis (13% of patients) were documented. Other skin reactions included rashes, hypertrichosis, erythema multiforme, and Stevens-Johnson sjm-drome (2). Phototoxicity persisted for many months after withdrawal (SEDA-12, 84) although a later study on persistent photosensitivity as a sequel to benoxaprofen in 42 subjects failed to confirm the link between photosensitivity and the drug (3), this was contrary to the overwhehning experience in the field. In retrospect, it seems likely that one problem was that benoxaprofen had largely been studied during the winter months, whereas in the UK it was launched in the summer. 

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