Wind, impact

Local synoptic wind impacts also favor the intensification of the horizontal water exchange in the Black Sea. For example, they cause wind effected phenomena and formation of filaments of coastal upwellings and provide the separation of coastal anticyclones from the eastern coast (under northerly winds) or removal of the shelf waters to the deep-water basin by anticyclones over the northwestern continental slope (under westerly winds). 

Ion implantation seems to be very well suited to simulate the reactions of the solar-wind. The energy necessary is 1 keV/nucleon (for 12 keV) and easily obtainable with low-energy accelerators. The intensity of the ions in the solar wind is many orders of magnitude lower than in an ion beam. Thus, the conditions of many years of solar-wind impact are achieved in seconds to hours. 

Davenport gives in the paper Gust Loading Factors (Davenport 1967) an approach how wind impacts can he applied to structures using velocity spectrmns. 

Noise inside a motor vehicle arises from various sources. External sources include rain and wind impacting on the vehicle body panels, and internal sources... 

The ladk of extended Br 7 emission may be explained by the high obscuration of IRS 1 and no high velocity shocks in the outflow. Tamura and Yamashita (1992) interpret their H2 S(l) 1-0 and HI Br 7 observations in terms of a J-shock excitation model by McKee and HoUenbach (1984) where a fast YSO wind impacts ambient molecular material, causing dissociation, ionization, and recombination emission. Tamura and Yamashita apply the McKee and HoUenbach model and predict shock velodties of 100 km s which correspond to FWZI Br 7 line widths of 200 km s . Our CSHELL Br 7 spectrum shows FWZI values of Av = 30 km s, fax bdow the line widths required to produce the line flux observed by Tamura and Yamashita. Furthermore, the observed widths correspond to shock velocities of only 15 km s, not frtst enough to be an ionizing J-shock. 

Dynamic Ejfects Design must provide for impact (hydraulic shock, etc.), wind (exposed piping), earthquake (see ANSI A58.1), discharge reactions, and vibrations (of piping arrangement and support). 

These inertial effects become less important for particles with diameters less than 5 /rm and for low wind velocities, but for samplers attempting to collect particles above 5 p.m, the inlet design and flow rates become important parameters. In addition, the wind speed has a much greater impact on sampling errors associated with particles more than 5 fim in diameter (4). 

The initial direction of transport of pollutants from their source is determined by the wind direction at the source. Air pollutant concentrations from point sources are probably more sensitive to wind direction than any other parameter. If the wind is blowing directly toward a receptor (a location receiving transported pollutants), a shift in direction of as little as 5° (the approximate accuracy of a wind direction measurement) causes concentrations at the receptor to drop about 10% under unstable conditions, about 50% under neutral conditions, and about 90% under stable conditions. The direction of plume transport is very important in source impact assessment where there are sensitive receptors or two or more sources and in trying to assess the performance of a model through comparison of measured air quality with model estimates. 

This chapter overviews the techniques for incorporating external events into a PSA. The discussion was primarily aimed at nuclear power plants but is equally applicable to chemical process plants. The types of external events discussed were earthquakes, fires and floods. Notably absent were severe winds and tornados. Tornados are analyzed as missiles impacting the structures and causing common-cause failures of systems (EPRINP-768). Missile propagation and the resulting damage is a specialized subject usually solved with computer codes. 

This appendix is a summary of the woiit published in the so-called Green Book (1989). Possible effects of explosions on humans include blast-wave overpressure effects, explosion-wind effects, impact from fragments and debris, collapse of buildings, and heat-radiation effects. Heat-radiation effects ate not treated here see Chapter 6, Figure 6.10 and Table 6.6. 

Based on the pressure and impulse of the incident blast wave, the maximum velocity can be calculated of a human body during transportation by the explosion wind. Figure C-4 shows the impact velocity for the lethality criterion for whole body impact as a function of side-on overpressure and impulse... 

A tank 30 meters high in a plant containing a toxic gas suddenly explodes, resulting in an emission of 200 g/s for 2 minutes. A school is located 500 meters east and 100 meters nortli of tlie plant. If tlie wind velocity is 4.0 m/s from the west, how many seconds after tlie explosion will tlie concentration reach a maximum in the school Humans will be adversely affected if tlie concentration of the gas is greater tliat 1.0 pg/L. Is tliere any impact on the students in tlie school ... 

Combinations of weather conditions, wind speed and wind direction along witli boiling point, vapor density, diffusivity, and heat of vaporization of tlie chemical released vary the healtli impact of tlie released chemical on the nearby population. To model a runaway reaction, the release of 10,000 gallons was assumed to occur over a 15-minute period. Tlie concentration of the chemical released was estimated, using procedures described in Part III (Chapter 12) for each combination of weather condition, wind speed, and wind direction. The results, combined with population data for tlie area adjacent to tlie plant, led to probability estimates of the number of people affected. Table 21.5.3 sunimarizes tlie findings. 

Unlike the gasoline tax that only impacts the transportation sector, carbon taxes affect all sectors of the economy. Implemented by some European countries and proposed in the United States by the Clinton Administration in 1993, the carbon tax makes consumption of fossil fuels more expensive for the energy user. The goals of a carbon tax are to reduce the consumption of energy and to make non-carbon emitting sources like wind and hydroelectric more cost-competitive with fossil fuels. 

In addition to obtaining adequate vvind resources, site selection sites for wind turbines must also consider avian populations. Several studies have been performed to determine the impact that turbines have on bird populations, with inconclusive results (Sinclair and Morrison, 1997). However, siting turbines to avoid nesting and migration patterns appears to reduce the impact that turbines have on bird mortality. 

Other considerations in siting wind turbines are visual impact and noise, particularly in densely populated areas (National Wind Coordinating Committee Siting Subcommittee, 1998). Uuc to Europe s high population density, European wind turbine manufacturers are actively examining the potential of placing wind turbines in offshore wind farms. 

API Standard 4A (superseded by Standard 4F) provides rating of derrick capacities in terms of maximum safe load. This is simply the load capacity of a single leg multiplied by four. It does not account for pipe setback, wind loads, the number of lines between the crown block and the traveling block, the location of the dead line, or vibratory and impact loads. Thus, it is recommended that the maximum safe static load of derricks designed under Standard 4A exceed the derrick load as follows ... 

The value of 1.5 is a safety factor to accommodate impact and vibration loads. Equation 4-1 does not account for wind and setback loads, thus, it may provide too low an estimate of the derrick load in extreme cases. 

The manufacturer shall establish the reduced rated static hook loads for the same conditions under which the maximum rated static hook loads apply, but with the addition of the pipe-setback and sucker-rod loadings. The reduced rated static hook loads shall be expressed as percentages of the maximum rated static hook loads. Thus, the portable mast ratings in Standard 4D include a safety factor of 2 to allow for wind and impact loads, and require the manufacturer to specify further capacity reductions due to setback. 

Each structure shall be rated for the following applicable loading conditions. The structures shall be designed to meet or exceed these conditions in accordance with the applicable specifications set forth herein. The following ratings do not include any allowance for impact. Acceleration, impact, setback, and wind loads will reduce the rated static hook load capacity. 

Wind and Dynamic Stresses (Induced by Floating Hull Motion). Allowable unit stresses may be increased one-third over basic allowable stresses when produced by wind or dynamic loading, acting alone, or in combination with the design dead load and live loads, provided the required section computed on this basis is not less than required for the design dead and live loads and impact (if any), computed without the one-third increase. 

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