Wide cut

Thejnost commonly referenced so-called wide cuts are the following Gas... 

Jet A kerosene A/L and JetB wide-cut Gen Avn JP-4 wide-cut USAF JP-5 kerosene USN JP-8 kerosene USAF... 

Liquid fuels for ground-based gas turbines are best defined today by ASTM Specification D2880. Table 4 Hsts the detailed requirements for five grades which cover the volatility range from naphtha to residual fuel. The grades differ primarily in basic properties related to volatility eg, distillation, flash point, and density of No. 1 GT and No. 2 GT fuels correspond to similar properties of kerosene and diesel fuel respectively. These properties are not limited for No. 0 GT fuel, which allows naphthas and wide-cut distillates. For heavier fuels. No. 3 GT and No. 4 GT, the properties that must be limited are viscosity and trace metals. 

The lower volatihty of JP-8 is a significant factor in the U.S. Air Force conversion from JP-4, since fires and explosions under both combat and ordinary handling conditions have been attributed to the use of JP-4. In examining the safety aspects of fuel usage in aircraft, a definitive study (15) of the accident record of commercial and military jet transports concluded that kerosene-type fuel is safer than wide-cut fuel with respect to survival in crashes, in-flight fires, and ground fueling accidents. However, the difference in the overall accident record is small because most accidents are not fuel-related. 

The increase in fuel viscosity with temperature decrease is shown for several fuels in Figure 9. The departure from linearity as temperatures approach the pour point illustrates the non-Newtonian behavior created by wax matrices. The freezing point appears before the curves depart from linearity. It is apparent that the low temperature properties of fuel are closely related to its distillation range as well as to hydrocarbon composition. Wide-cut fuels have lower viscosities and freezing points than kerosenes, whereas heavier fuels used in ground turbines exhibit much higher viscosities and freezing points. 

Briefly, JP-4 is a wide-cut fuel developed for broad availability in times of need. JP-6 is a higher cut than JP-4 and is characterized by fewer impurities. JP-5 is specially blended kerosene, and JP-7 is a high-flash-point special kerosene used in advanced supersonic aircraft. JP-8 is a kerosene fraction that is modeled on jet A-1 fuel (used in civilian aircraft). For this profile, JP-4 will be used as the prototype jet fuel, due to its broad availability and extensive use. 

Synonyms JP-4 Jet Propellant-4 Jet fuel-4 MIL-T-5624-L-Amd, 1 wide cut JP-4 military (gasoline type)... 

Physical Form. JP-4 is a colorless to straw-colored liquid with the odor of gasoline and/or kerosene. JP-7 is a liquid, usually colorless and with the odor of kerosene. JP-4 can be made by refining either crude petroleum oil or shale oil. It is called a wide cut fuel because it is produced from a broad distillation temperature range and contains a wide array of carbon chain lengths, from 4- to 16. It consists of approximately 13% (v/v) aromatic hydrocarbons, 1.0% olefins, and 86% saturated hydrocarbons. JP-7 is made by refining kerosene, a product of refined crude petroleum. It was developed for use in advanced supersonic jets because of its thermal stability and high flash point. ... 

Jet fuels are typically prepared from either straight-run kerosene or from wide-cut kerosene/naphtha blends off of the atmospheric distillation unit. TABLE 3-10 briefly describes the composition of some typical jet fuel grades. 

JP-4 F-40 No longer produced wide-cut naphtha-based Air Force standard... 

Until very recently, solvent extraction was the only economic method available for producing a mixture of aromatics from wide cuts to Cg). th the industnaUzatioa of processes designed to attain the degree of purity required for toluene and xylenes by simple dist iioD, extraction is liable to lose its value in view of the fact that extractive distillation sufhces to treat the C cut and to purify the benzene. 

The azeotrope contains the lower hydrocarbons of the diluent. If a wide-cut fraction is used, the more volatile ones come to the top of the column with the water. 

K Using scotch tape, make a tube out of a paper grocery bag about 2 long by I" wide. Cut a 1" circle of paper and tape it to one end. 

Aviation turbine fuels are manufactured predominantly from straight-run kerosene or kerosene-naphtha blends in the case of wide-cut fuels that are produced from the atmospheric distillation of crude oil. Straight-run kerosene from low-sulfur (sweet) crude oil will meet all the requirements of the jet fuel specification without further refinery processing, but for the majority of feedstocks, the kerosene fraction will contain trace constituents that must be removed by hydrotreating (hydrofining) or by a chemical sweetening process (Speight, 2000). 

Kerosene can vary widely in its burning quality as measured by carbon deposition, smoke formation, and flame radiation. This is a function of hydrocarbon composition—paraffins have excellent burning properties, in contrast to those of the aromatics (particularly the polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons). As a control measure the smoke point test (ASTM D-1322, IP 57) gives the maximum smokeless flame height in millimeters at which the fuel will burn in a wick-fed lamp under prescribed conditions. The combustion performance of wide-cut fuels correlates well with smoke point when a fuel volatility factor is included, because carbon formation tends to increase with boiling point. A minimum smoke volatility index (SVI) value is specified and is defined as ... 

Jet-B This is a wide cut kerosene with lighter gasoline type naphtha components. It is used widely in Canada. It contains a static dissipator and has a very low flash point ... 

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