Territorial behaviors

Boydston, E.E., Morelli, T.L. and Holekamp, K.E. (2001) Sex differences in territorial behavior exhibited by the spotted hyena. Ethology 107, 369-385. 

The bontebok is a strongly territorial antelope found in the southernmost parts of South Africa, while the blesbok inhabits the arid plains of the central parts of the country. It is practically impossible to translocate these animals even over small distances of a few hundred meters by driving them into unfamiliar areas. In game catching operations, the majority of the driven animals mostly run with their heads down, as though they are more interested in information on the ground than in the source of the threat. This is possibly also the reason why this animal was hunted almost to extinction by the early settlers in South Africa. The territorial behavior of the animal is attributed to territorial mark-... 

In the second part of this chapter, we discuss communication by pheromones and pheromone-like chemicals in the context of competition, aggression, dominance, and territorial behavior. 

Competition between conspecifics of the same sex may either lead to spacing, often as territorial behavior, or dominance orders among animals that stay together, at least temporarily. 

Spatial organization and territorial behavior of the European badger MeZes meles. Journal of Zoology 184,1-19. 

Roper, T. J., Shepherdson, D. J., and Davies, D. M. (1986). Scent marking with faeces and anal secretion in the European badger Meks meles) seasonal and spatial characteristics oflatrine use in relation to territoriality. Behavior 97,94-117. 

F. vom Saal, S. Nagel, P. Palanza, M. Boechler, S. Parmigiani, and W. Welshons, Oestrogenic pesticides Binding relative to estradiol in MCF-7 cells and effects of exposure during fetal life on subsequent territorial behavior in male mice. Toxicol. Lett. 77 343, 1995. 

Fish living close together may show territorial behavior, the tendency to occupy and defend an area, usually to eat and reproduce there. There are many different patterns of territorial behavior. Some species are territorial all the time, but others may only display this behavior during reproductive periods. Depending on the situation, fish may be territorial against their own species, toward other species, or both. 

On account of their territorial behavior and dietary habits, some mammalian species are particularly suitable for an appraisal of the distribution of heavy elements within a territory and thus of the related risk of exposure. The roe deer Capreolus capreolus L ), the European member of the Odocoileini (the white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virgi-nianus, is a North American member), possesses these characteristics and, particularly... 

The on-growing of crustaceans is most often performed in earthen ponds, into which postlarvae or juveniles are stocked. The stocks are not otherwise contained and are free to roam throughout their environment and to interact with each other. For the more gregarious species (shrimp, river crabs), relatively high densities can be maintained. However, many aquacultured crustaceans display hierarchical or territorial behavior, and the extent of this influences stocking density and husbandry practices. 

Mating - Mating behaviors are very important interspecies interactions. The search for a mate with which to reproduce is an instinctive behavior. Mating interrelationships often involve ritualistic and territorial behaviors that are often competitive. 

Capping the brain stem is the R-complex, R standing for reptile. Deep inside our brains, we share the same survival tendencies toward fight-or-flight responses, aggression and rage, social hierarchies, and territorial behavior as our ancient relative the Komodo dragon. 

Mathis, A., Jaeger, R. G., Keen, W. H., Ducey, P. K., Walls, S. C., and Buchanan, B. W., 1995, Aggression and territoriality by salamanders and a comparison with the territorial behavior of fiogs, in Amphibian Biology Vol. 2 Social Behaviour, H. Heatwole and B. K. Sullivan, eds., Surry Beatty Sons, Chipping Norton New South Wales, Australia, pp. 634-676. 

Stamps, J. 1994. Territorial behavior testing the assumptions. Adv. Study Behav, 23, 173-232. 

Rogov, V.G., Muzyka, V.Yu., Romashov, N.A. Evsikov, V.I. 1992. Radio tracing in studies of territorial behavior of Arvicola terrestris. Zool. Zhurn., 71, 100-105 (in Russian). 

Plagues of house mice cause serious economic losses in rural areas of southern and eastern Australia. A recent study of the ecology of mice in cereal farms in New South Wales, suggested that changes in spacing behavior are involved in the formation of plagues (Redhead, 1982). Examination of this hypothesis necessitates specific studies of the territorial behavior of the species. 

Jaeger, R. G., Kalvarsky, D., and Shimizu, N., 1982, Territorial behavior of the red-backed salamander Expulsion of intruders, Anim. Behav., 30 490. 

I prefer the definition of territoriality as given by Brown and Orians (1970) "a defended area." There are four essential characteristics by which territorial behavior can be detected (Gergits, 1982) the animal must (1) have a fixed site (or sites) that (2) is advertised (as by pheromones) and (3) is defended, and from which there (4) is a high probability of expelling an intruding competitor. 

Marking territorial behavior (with urine or feces) is well documented in the beaver 310, 311), in primates 42, 44, 46, 270), gerbils 157, 312-314) and salamanders 315). 

Tengo, j. Territorial Behavior of the Kleptoparasite Reduces Parasitic Pressure in Communally Nesting Bees. Short Lecture Presented at the XVII International Congress of Entomology, p. 20-26. Hamburg (1984). 

Alcock, J. (1975) Territorial behavior by males of Philanthus multimaculatus (Hymen-optera Sphecidae) with a review of territoriality in male sphecids. Anim, Behav., 23, 889-95. 

Vinson, S. B., Williams, H. J., Frankie, G. W., Wheeler, J. W., Blum, M. S. and Coville, R. E. (1982) Mandibular glands of male Centris adani, their morphology, chemical constituents, and function in scent marking and territorial behavior. J. Chem. Ecol., 8, 319-27. 

Whitham, T. G. (1979) Territorial behavior of Pemphigus gall aphids. Nature, 279, 324-5. 

Memorized visual cues probably form a considerable part of the basis for territorial behavior, but recently, for several species, chemical cues have been demonstrated which can be termed territorial markers because they are both colony-specific, and are deposited on the substratum by the ants. They may not induce any overt response, but merely modify existing behavior patterns, and hence may be more widespread than the few documented examples suggest. 

---