Wetting, analysis

The tin content of ores, concentrates, ingot metal, and other products is determined by fire assay, fusion method, and volumetric wet analysis. 

Hypochlorous acid reacts similarly to CI2O and cannot be distinguished from CI2O by wet analysis. Gaseous mixtures of CI2, CI2O, and HOCl can be analyzed by mass spectrometry (66,67), by in (68), or by uv spectrophotometry (9,66,69). Gas chromatography can be used to analyze mixtures of air, CI2, and CI2O (54). 

The wet analysis assumes that the water vapor is present. The maximum theoretical carbon dioxide content is 9.66 per cent. The zirconia cell method of measuring oxygen is on the wet basis. 

The percentages for the individual samples were calculated on the assumption that the x-ray results for the mean corresponded to the composition as established by wet analysis. 

Co (I I) complex formation is the essential part of copper wet analysis. The latter involves several chemical unit operations. In a concrete example, eight such operations were combined - two-phase formation, mixing, chelating reaction, solvent extraction, phase separation, three-phase formation, decomposition of co-existing metal chelates and removal of these chelates and reagents [28]. Accordingly, Co (I I) complex formation serves as a test reaction to perform multiple unit operations on one chip, i.e. as a chemical investigation to validate the Lab-on-a-Chip concept. 

It is further important to note that if only solid samples are taken, the calibration curve passes through the origin as is obvious in Figure 4.4. An intercept usually caused by blank values from reagents and digestion vessels in wet analysis can be excluded except in the case of matrix modification. 

Elemental composition A1 65.82%, N 34.18%, the metal is determined by wet analysis or AA spectroscopy. NH3 liberated on hydrolysis may be determined by titration or colorimetry (see under Ammonia). 

Elemental composition S 25.23%, H 0.79%, N 11.02, 0 62.95%. Nitrosylsulfuric acid may be analysed by IR, NMR and mass spectrometry, as well as by elemental microanalysis. Wet analysis involves hydrolyzing the compound in the presence of excess NaOH and measuring excess base by potentiometric titration. 

As the colorimeter described here has been designated specifically for NO2 and NO evaluation, so could a colorimeter be dedicated to analyzing other contaminants, given a reliable colorimetric wet analysis for determination of exposed sampler contents. 

The test referred to was by burning off the lead and determining by the touchstone or by wet analysis the composition of the metal. 

E—by difference, using wet analysis value for tin FT—faint trace H—high... 

Impurities can be determined by wet analysis, X-ray fluorescence, or spectro-graphic analysis (e.g., atomic absorption). 

Coal analysis has, by convention, involved the use of wet analysis or the use of typical laboratory bench-scale apparatus. This trend continues and may continue for another decade or two. But the introduction of microprocessors and microcomputers in recent years has led to the development of a new generation of instruments for coal analysis as well as the necessary calibration of such instruments (ASTM D-5373). In particular, automated instrumentation has been introduced that can determine moisture, ash, volatile matter, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, oxygen, and ash fusion temperatures in a fraction of the time required to complete most standard laboratory bench procedures. 

We have used the ESCA results to provide empirical information about the apparent stoichiometry of sulfate, ammonium, and nitrate ions and other elements and species. Wet chemical analyses performed at several laboratories seemed to contradict some of the conclusions reached from ESCA studies. For example, total reduced nitrogen as determined by ESCA often agrees with the determination of ammonium by wet chemical methods. A consequence of this discrepancy is that in analyses where wet analysis would indicate ammonium sulfate, ESCA would suggest ammonium bisulfate, based on the assumption that particulate Nx species are not associated with sulfate. This assumption may not be valid, because it has been demonstrated QJ that a large fraction of Nx present... 

Titration is one of the most commonly employed techniques in wet analysis. Many routine analysis of wastewaters, potable waters, and aqueous extracts of sludges and soils can be effectively performed using various titrimetric techniques. 

Colorimetric methods are most common and widely employed in environmental wet analysis. Most anions, all metals, and many physical and aggregate properties can be determined by colorimetric technique, which is fast and cost-effective. The method may, however, be unreliable for dirty and colored samples. Often, the presence of certain substances in samples can interfere with the test. In addition, if the color formation involves a weak color such as yellow, additional confirmatory tests should be performed. Despite these drawbacks, colorimetry is often the method of choice for a number of wet analyses. 

It distinguishes halides (Br, Cl, etc.) and anions in different oxidation states (e.g., S042- and S032v or N03 and N02 ) such anions often interfere with each other in the wet analysis. 

Concentrations of reagents and titrants in wet analysis are commonly expressed in terms of molarity (M) or normality (N). One mole (molecular or formula weight expressed in grams) of a substance dissolved in 1 L of its aqueous solution produces 1 M. 

Kikutani, Y., Hisamoto, H., Tokeshi, M., Kitamori, T., Micro wet analysis system using multi-phase laminar flows in three-dimensional microchannel network Lab-chip 2004, 4, 328-332. 

Figure 5 Designing of Co wet analysis systems based on CFCP.

Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance was used to determine the molecular structure of four copolymers of vinyl chloride and vinylidene chloride. The spectra were used to determine both monomer composition and sequence distribution. Good agreement was found between the chlorine analysis determined from wet analysis and the chlorine analysis determined by the C nmr method. The number average sequence length for vinylidene chloride measured from the spectra fit first order Markovian statistics rather than Bernoullian. The chemical shifts in these copolymers as well as their changes in areas as a function of monomer composition enable these copolymers to serve as model... 

Figure 2 shows the salen complexes that have been entrapped in the mesopores of the new host materials and identified with FTIR measurements, thermogravity, XRD, and wet analysis. 

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