Well volume calculation

To record the well parameters and the well volume calculations and to document groundwater sampling, we use a Groundwater Sampling Form similar to one shown in Appendix 16. 

Since Eqs. (5) and (6) are not restricted to the vapor phase, they can, in principle, be used to calculate fugacities of components in the liquid phase as well. Such calculations can be performed provided we assume the validity of an equation of state for a density range starting at zero density and terminating at the liquid density of interest. That is, if we have a pressure-explicit equation of state which holds for mixtures in both vapor and liquid phases, then we can use Eq. (6) to solve completely the equations of equilibrium without explicitly resorting to the auxiliary-functions activity, standard-state fugacity, and partial molar volume. Such a procedure was discussed many years ago by van der Waals and, more recently, it has been reduced to practice by Benedict and co-workers (B4). 

Littlefield et al. (1984) provides a method of estimating the volume of recoverable product after recovery has been initiated. Contouring the NAPL thickness in monitoring wells and calculating the apparently oil-saturated soil volume are completed at two separate times. The difference in apparent oil-saturated soil volumes at these times is attributable to the quantity of oil recovered during that period. By using that relationship, an extrapolation can be used to estimate the remaining volume of recoverable oil. This value, in most situations, results in an overstatement of the recoverable volume of LNAPL in place. 

To calculate the well casing volume we need to know the depth of the well, the diameter of the casing, and the depth to groundwater on the day of sampling. Having this information on hand, we can calculate the well volume, using the following formula ... 

Calculate the well volume and the purge volume and record them on the Groundwater Sampling Form. 

Volume percentages of organic matter identifiable under the microscope only correlate well with total organic carbon contents if the unstructured groundmass is included in the volume calculation. From a relationship between TOC values, average densities of the rock matrix and the organic matter we deduce that in most samples the microscopic kerogen evaluation accounted for at least 80% of... 

Careful consideration was taken in the parameterization process to insure that the parameters were deemed reasonable for the atom types, using the OPLS-AA force field atom types as a comparison. As one of the goals of this project was to ensure that robustness was achieved in many different calculated properties of the newly developed model, several sets of simulations were also performed to ensure that the parameters could achieve a reasonable agreement with experiment. Some of the properties calculated included the gas phase density, the partial molar volume in aqueous solution, and the bulk solvent structure as well. The calculation of the solubility was discussed in the previous section for the parameterization process and the viewing of these results, the solubility will be reported in log S values, as many of the literature values are reported as log S values, and therefore, the comparison would not lose any sensitivity due to rounding error from the log value. 

It is improbable that phosphorus is trivalent in POCl3, and further, in such compounds it is exercising its maximum valency. Since the atomic volume calculated on the assumption of a double bond between the phosphorus and the oxygen agrees most closely with the atomic volume of elementary phosphorus, it is probable that in the liquid element as well as in POCl3 phosphorus is exercising this maximum valency, which includes mixed bonds, thus... 

The difference between the pK pp versus a plots determined for the C-25 and C-50 gels (Figs. 15 and 16) in spite of the equivalent DS value is attributable to the difference in uptake of solvent by the two gels. The following procedure was used to facilitate measurement of this parameter for examination of the validity of this projection. The CM-Sephadex gels have been produced as a packing material for liquid chromatography and one needs to subtract the void volume from the apparent gel phase volume [62] in order to determine the net gel phase volume because of the well-defined sphere gel. The dead volume due to the dextran backbone is considered then to resolve the net volume of solvent in the gel phase (Vg). For the purpose of the void volume calculation, the concentration... 

The use of compressibility factors to correct for the non-perfect behavior of gases is well suited for en eering calculations which usually require the computation of the volmne occupied by a gas at a given temperature and pressure. However, it is sometimes necessary to calculate the pressure exerted by a non-perfect gas at a given volume and temperature or the temperature of a non-perfect gas at a given pressure and volume. Calculations of this type using a Z factor can best be illustrated by examples. 

Fuller and Briggs (141) obtained the same molecular volumes for conalbumin and ferric conalbumin but found differences in the axial ratios of their equivalents ellipsoids. From the molecular volumes calculated on the basis of the Stokes radius of an unhydrated sphere (- 102,000 A3) the lengths of the equivalent prolate ellipsoid axes as well as the... 

Ong (1976) of 2.71 eV and 5.5k where k is Boltzmann s constant. (The constant volume numbers are 2.71 eV for the defect energy and —1.65k for the defect entropy, underlining the points made above about constant pressure and constant volume calculations). The agreement here is exceptionally close the interionic potentials for calcium fluoride are well established. However, there is no difficulty in principle in carrying out the calculations for more complex systems. The problem is often the lack of reliable experimental data for comparison. 

By replacing the 125 xL sample loop with loops of identical internal diameter but of different lengths, that is, volumes (e.g., 75, 100, 150, and 200 xL), and in each case injecting samples of the same HCl standard, a plot of the obtained At versus log S, should, according to Eq. (6.3), yield a straight line of slope (Vm/0) In 10. Thus Vm might equally well be calculated from this curve and compared to the previously found value. 

Attempts to verify the above volume diffusion mechanism experimentally included X-ray and electron diffraction experiments with electrodes that were corroded at > Ec, as well as investigations by positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS). In the former case, the occurrence of broadened diffraction lines at Bragg angles between those of the bulk alloy and the pure, noble component was taken as a confirmation of the volume diffusion mechanism [54, 120, 131]. More direct evidence was obtained from the PAS experiments with dezincified brass, where experimental positron Kfetimes correlated well with calculated values in vacancies or vacancy aggregates [78-80]. On the other hand, it has been objected that Eq. (20) predicts a dependence of the current density, which is in contradiction to many experimental results. It has been shown, however, that this particular problem may... 

A important experimental support of in situ hypothesis was presented by Cottin [76]. The mixture of calcium aluminate cement and gypsum is hydrating with too low water content. The change of volume calculated from the phase composition of the paste corresponds very well to the measured value. 

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