Weather lightning

The inherent disadvantages of the underground system are high first cost, inconvenience, and excessive cost of maintenance. Overhead construction is often used since it can be installed at about one-third the cost of the underground system, and repairs can be quickly made. However, such lines are exposed to impairment by weather, lightning, trucks, cranes, and corrosion, so that overhead construction should be avoided in congested areas where a reliable and safe electrical system is necessary. 

The external hazards considered are seismic events, external floods, extreme weather, lightning, external electromagnetic interference, and aircraft crash analysis demonstrates that the design features of the API000 provide appropriate protection against these hazards (External Hazard Report, Reference 14.30). Therefore, it is demonstrated that external hazards do not present a significant probability of a major accident to the environment. Hence, the risk of acute environmental pollution as a result of external hazards is not considered further in this section. Plant faults and internal hazards are discussed further below. 

Will the climate/weather (earthquake, flood, fog, hurricane, lightning, smog, snow, tornado, and very low temperature) materially affect plant operations ... 

The sites http //www.usatoday.com/weather/thunder/wlightning.htm and http //www. nssl.noaa.gov/edu/ltg both discuss the fascinating topic of thunder and lightning. Neither extrapolates in order to explore the validity of the gas laws. The site http //bcn.net/ lti/f setsAinks.html has more scientific content, but is more difficult to navigate. 

E. Severe weather response (snow, ice, temperature, lightning)... 

There are three specific reasons for the change in voltage suppression requirements (1) The increased effect of induced lightning on solid-state components (also enhanced by a changing world weather pattern). (2) More and more sophistication in semiconductor technology, simply smaller and smaller devices. 

Of course, gross weather disturbances such as high winds, lightning, hurricanes, tornadoes and flooding as well as geological phenomena such as earthquakes need to be considered in areas susceptible to any of these. 

Orville, R. E. (1981). Global distribution of midnight lightning, September to November 1977. Mon. Weather Rev. 109, 391-395. 

Also in the past 10 years or so sophisticated lightning locating equipment has been installed throughout the world. For example, all ground flashes in the U.S. are now centrally monitored for research, for better overall weather prediction, and for hazard warning for aviation, electric utilities and other lightning-sensitive facilities. 

The night of our takeoff was one of tropical rain squalls, and flashes of lightning stabbed into the darkness with disconcerting regularity. The weather forecast told us of storms all the way from the Marianas to the Empire. Our rendezvous was to be off the southeast coast of Kyushu, some fifteen hundred miles away. There we were to join with our two companion observation B-29s that took off a few minutes behind us. 

This assessment confirms that harsh weather conditions have, in principle, the potential to impair the safety of nuclear power plants. Typical impacts due to storms (high winds, heavy rains, floods, and lightning) and extreme temperatures, which are the main classes of potentially hazardous weather conditions. 

The need for rapid and safe evacuation of personnel from potential or actual hazards is common to many work environments. Emergency evacuations occur in response to an incident or accident, a medical emergency, a fire, or a sudden weather event such as lightning. Procedures... 

Statistics Lightning is the number-two weather-related killer in the U.S., responsible for more deaths each year than hurricanes or tornadoes. Only fioods kill more people every year. However, more people are injured by lightning than are killed. Of those struck by lightning, only about 10 percent die. That means 90 percent survive, but they can suffer severe injury and disabilities. Long-term effects can be painful and physically and mentally disabling. 

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