Water spots

In colorfastness to acid spotting, ISO 10S-E0S, drops of a solution of either acetic acid (300 g of glacial acetic acid per Hter of water), sulfuric acid (50 g of concentrated acid per Hter), or tartaric acid (100 g of crystalline acid per Hter) are spotted onto the test material, which is then dried and assessed. Colorfastness to alkaH spotting, ISO 10S-E06, is like E05 except that a solution of 100 g of anhydrous sodium carbonate per Hter of water is used. Colorfastness to water spotting, ISO 10S-E07, is like E05 but uses drops of water and assessment is made after 2 min wet and after drying. In colorfastness to hot water, ISO 10S-E08, the textile specimen and adjacents are wound around a glass rod and placed in water adjusted to pH 6 with acetic acid at 70°C... 

Deep shades of maroon tend to form water spots in certain binder systems, especially in media which are based on acrylic resin. More or less distinctive light spots appear on the coating. The effects that cause this phenomenon remain to be elucidated. Factors such as long-term weathering at elevated temperature, U V radiation, and the presence of demineralized water probably cause reduction and solvation effects within the coating. Products are available which are much less susceptible to these agents. Rub-out effects, especially flocculation, may also present problems in various binder systems. Special-purpose grades are therefore available which are more stable to flocculation. 

Choose acidic formulations for products designed to dissolve soap scum, hard water spots, stains, rust, or encrustations that are mainly calcium or magnesium salts [10]. 

Clean each polished stainless steel strip (or any surface to be treated) with detergent and rinse well with distilled water. Spot-inoculate four steel strips with a known volume of a culture for each dilution of sanitizer. Each strip should contain approximately 100 organisms. Allow drying for 30 min at room temperature. After drying, immerse two strips in sanitizer solution to be tested. Allow the contact for 5, 10, or 15 min. 

Cyclodextrin hydrate was purchased from Acros Organics, Fisher Scientific Company, and was used without further purification or drying (Rf = 0.41, 2-PrOH/H20/EtOAc/concd NH4OH 5 3 1 1). p-Cyclodextrin and the title compound were dissolved in water, spotted on silica gel 60 F254 aluminum-backed plates (EM Separations Technology), and dried on a hot plate prior to development in the solvent systems indicated. 

Why is vinegar so good at removing water spots from your bathroom faucet ... 

Evaluations of furniture polish application properties, gloss, uniformity, film clarity, smear and mar resistance, film healing, buffability, cleaning, water spotting, gloss retention, and dust attraction are all described in ASTM D3751-79. Federal Specification P-P553B (1977) indudes some standard test methods for the evaluation of liquid furniture polishes. 

Stock, cable, and top can be dyed on special machines according to the pad steam process [172], preferably with pressurized steam at temperatures above 100°C to obtain short fixing times. To avoid drying and condensed water spots, the steam should be neither superheated nor wet. A typical pad liquor contains acetic acid (pH 4.5) and dye solvent in addition to steam-resistant, readily water soluble cationic dyes (usually liquid brands) [173],... 

This formula is good for removing water spots from the film base. 

This formula is used for developer or oxidation stains. It is also effective in removing water spots on negatives if they have not been allowed to set too long. 

Water spots can be removed with an oxidizer such as any substitute for chromic acid (see Sec. 4.1.9). Do not use chromic acid because it is a toxic waste. 

To illustrate the problem for the product developer, one only has to enumerate the soils and surfaces. The soils can vary from simple dust and hair to dirt, hard water spots, and fingerprints to hardened grease, soap scum, and excrement. Although the usual household cleaning tasks are concentrated in only two rooms of the house, kitchen and bathroom, the number of different surfaces encountered are many. In the U.S., for example, there may be Formica , ceramic tiles, grout, lacquered wood, vinyl flooring, painted surfaces, brass, stainless steel, enamel, porcelain, aluminum, chrome, glass, marble, methyl methacrylate, and other types of plastics. All of these materials may occur within only two rooms of the same home ... 

FIG. 13.7 Photomicrograph of home-generated soap scum. Visible are water spots (large circles), skin flakes (dark speckling), and fabric fibers within the soap scum matrix (magnification x50). 

Because the new acrylic finishes required minimal polishing by the auto owner, the finishes were subject to water spotting. When water, or bird droppings, dried on the hood and trunk in the hot sun, permanent etches were left on the finish. Incorporation of longer ester chain methacrylates into the polymer backbone resolved this problem by rendering the coating more hydrophobic and also imparted improved flexibility without loss of hardness, when used in conjunction with special plasticizers. 

Formulation CP7-0024 produces a cleaner-polish that is easy to apply and provides long lasting protection against water spotting and staining. 

Schulz, U.. and Trubiroha. P. (1996), Predicting water spot and acid etch resistance of dear-coats by artificial weathering Acid dew and fog test. Durability Testing of Sonmetallie. Materials. ASTM STP 1294 (Robert J. Herling. ed.), American Society for Testing and Materials. 

Water spotting (1939) n. Any change in the appearance of surface resulting solely from the action of water. 

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