Measuring Water Pollution

Surface active agents - Analysis 2. Water - Pollution -Measurement 3. Surface active agents - Environmental aspects I. Knepper, T. P. II. Barcelo, D. (Damia) III. Voogt, Pirn de 628.1 61... 

In water pollution studies, the oxygen content can be measured by making the water alkaline and shaking a measured volume with an oxygen-free solution containing Mn- (aq). The solution is acidified with sulphuric acid, potassium iodide added and the liberated iodine titrated with sodium thiosulphate. 

BEIs apply to 8 hr exposures, five days a week. However, BEIs for altered working sehedules ean be extrapolated on pharmaeokinetie and pharmaeodynamie bases. BEIs should not be applied, either direetly or tlirough a eonversion faetor, to tlie deterirtination of safe levels for non-oeeupational exposure to air and water pollutants, or food eontaminants. The BEIs are not intended for use as a measure of adverse effeets or for diagnosis of oeeupational illness. 

Abatement The reduction in air or water pollution from all sources by preventive measures. 

EPA has established that hydrogen sulfide is a regulated toxic substance and is a hazardous substance as defined under the Federal Water Pollution Control Act. OSH A has established an acceptable ceiling concentration of 20 parts per million (ppm) for hydrogen sulfide in the workplace, with a maximum level of 50 ppm allowed for 10 minutes maximum duration if no other measurable exposure occurs. NIOSH has set a maximum Recommended Exposure Limit (REL) ceiling value (10 minutes) of 10 ppm. A complete listing of federal and state regulations and recommendations are found in Chapter 7. 

There is a body of data in the literature which indicates that dissolved humic materials may play a significant and previously overlooked role in the behavior of organic water pollutants. It has been shown that dissolved humic materials can affect degradation rates and phase transfer rates for a number of compounds. A number of methods have been developed in this research and by other researchers which can make quantitative measurements of the extent of binding between organic water pollutants and dissolved humic materials. Hopefully these methods will be used by other researchers to gain more insight into this phenomenon. 

Organic agriculture aims to eliminate residues from production systems, rather than meeting maximum permissible values. Owing to the risks of contamination being introduced onto farms from external sources (e.g. with feed, via air pollution and/or irrigation water) and with greater accuracy of pollution measurement/detection systems, this aim appears to be more and more difficult to achieve. 

Young RH, Ryckman DW, Buzzell JC Jr. 1968. An improved tool for measuring biodegradability. J Water Pollut Control Fed 40 (Pt 2) R354-R368. 

Kelada, N.P. 1989. Automated direct measurements of total cyanide species and thiocyanate and their distribution in wastewater and sludge. Jour Water Pollut. Contr. Feder. 61 350-356. 

Tsivoglou, E.C. and L.A. Neal (1976), Tracer measurement of reaeration, III Predicting the reaeration capacity of inland streams, J. Water Pollut. Contr. Fed., 48(12), 2669. 

Tsivoglou, E.C., J.B. Cohen, S.D. Shearer, and P.J. Godsil (1968), Tracer measurements of stream reaeration II, Field studies, J. Water Pollut. Control Fed., 40(2). 

Alvarez J, Carton A, Isla T, Herguedas A (1995) 3rd International Conference on Water Pollution Modeling, Measuring and Prediction. Computational Mechanics, Billerica, MA... 

BAILEY, J.C. and BEDBOROUGH, D.R. Sensory Measurement and Instrumental Analysis of Odours in Septic Sewage—Problems and Solutions Institute of Water Pollution Control, Maidstone, Kent, England, 1979. 

Although the rate of mercury input to the ocean s surface waters has increased as a result of anthropogenic activities, it is not clear that the relatively high MMHg concentrations now seen in the larger fish, e.g., tuna, shark, and swordfish, are the result of pollution. Measurements of mercury levels in preserved fish collected over the past 100 years have proven inconclusive due to small sample sizes and contamination effects. 

Armstrong W, Armstrong J, Beckett PM. 1990. Measurement and modelling of oxygen release from roots of Phragmites australis. In Cooper SC, Findlater BC, eds. The Use of Constructed Wetlands in Water Pollution Control. Oxford Pergamon, 41-52. 

Bennett and Barter (1997) discuss the effect of partitioning-dissolution in an aqueous phase of alkylphenol. Specifically, they show that the depletion of this crude oil component affects the chemical composition of the original pollutant. Partitioning at equilibrium can be considered the maximum dissolution value of a compound under optimal solvation conditions. Partitioning-dissolution is obtained by washing the crude oil with saline water at variable temperature and pressure conditions, similar to those in the subsurface. The data reported were obtained using a partition device able to simulate the natural environmental conditions of a crude oil reservoir. The alkylphenol partition coefficients between crude oil and saline subsurface water were measured as a function of variation in pressure, temperature, and water salinity. Preliminary trials proved that the experimental device did not allow alkylphenol losses due to volatilization. 

Chapter 14 describes the use of a new technique, ion chromatography, for the rapid measurement of ionic species in both air and water pollutants. It is expected that this method will replace a number of classical techniques currently used for the analysis of ionic species in environmental samples. 

Wu, C. Suffet, I. H. In Water Pollution Assessment Automatic Sampling and Measurement American Society for Testing and Materials Philadelphia, 1975 ASTM STP 582, pp 90-108. 

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