Water fluoride content

Still CN, Kelley P. 1980. On the incidence of primary degenerative dementia vs. water fluoride content in South Carolina. Neurotoxicology 1 125-131. 

Fig. 16.5 Relationship of DMFT and index of fluorosis to water fluoride content. The left y-axis indicates the number of decayed missing and filled teeth from caries (DMFT) and the right y-axis indicates the index of fluorosis, a measure of the deleterious effect of fluoride on the enamel surface (see text). The x-axis indicates the ppm fluoride found naturally in the drinking water supply. Triangles indicate DMFT and circles indicate the fluorosis index in the same populations. The curves showing the decrease in caries and decrease in fluorosis intersect at 1 ppm fluoride in the water supply on the x-axis (Copy of Fig. 3 from Hodge HC, Smith FA. (1954). Some public health aspects of water fluoridation. American Association of the Advancement of Science Publication No 19 Washington DC 1954 AAAS 1954, pp. 79-109)...

The enrichment program followed in the United States is (/) the enrichment of flour, bread, and degerminated and white rice using thiamin [59-43-8] C 2H y N O S, riboflavin [83-88-5] C2yH2QN4Na02P, niacin [59-67-6] CgH N02, and iron [7439-89-6]-, (2) the retention or restoration of thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and iron in processed food cereals (J) the addition of vitamin D [67-97-0] to milk, fluid skimmed milk, and nonfat dry milk (4) the addition of vitamin A [68-26-8], C2qH2qO, to margarine, fluid skimmed milk, and nonfat dry milk (5) the addition of iodine [7553-56-2] to table salt and (6) the addition of fluoride [16984-48-8] to areas in which the water supply has a low fluoride content (74). 

The fluoride content of the heart appeared to increase in old mice fed the low Ca diet and fluoride feeding caused an increase in the level of the hearts of old mice fed high or low Ca diet. When male or female mice were supplied drinking water containing 10 mg/L fluoride, the levels in the soft tissues including heart and kidney were, however, undetectable at 24 months of age (25). This could be due to limited sensitivity of the method used by these investigators. 

Fluoride, Fluoride Is contained In water and In the diet (22,23) Also, fluoride stabilizes the bone crystal (24) and has been shown to decrease bone resorption (25), For these reasons, fluoride has been recommended for the treatment for osteoporosis (26-28), The Importance of the role of fluoride on maintaining the normal bone structure Is also Indicated by a survey which showed that the Incidence of osteoporosis was lower In naturally high fluoride areas than In areas where the fluoride content of the drinking water was low (29) This observation would Indicate that the Intake of certain amounts of fluoride throughout life may be necessary for the maintenance of the normal skeleton, and that fluoride may protect the skeleton from the development of bone loss which leads to osteoporosis with advancing age, particularly In females. 

The fatigue behaviour of pure hydroxy- and fluorhydroxyapatite-sintered bioceramics has been studied in ambient air, distilled water and simulated human saliva [86]. The authors observed that, as a general trend, HA ceramics exhibited a lower resistance to fatigue than fluoridated ones. Another work [87] showed that the hardness remained essentially unchanged until 80% of OH were replaced with F , whereas it noticeably increased with greater fluoride contents. The elastic... 

Increasing numbers of people are consuming beverages instead of water, so their fluoride content has to be considered when estimating total intake of fluoride. 

O. Fejerskov, A. Thylstrup, M.J. Larsen, Clinical and structural features and possible pathogenic mechanisms of dental fluorosis, Scand. J. Dent. Res. 85 (1977) 510-534. [47] T. Ishii, G. Suckling, The severity of dental fluorosis in children exposed to water with a high fluoride content for various periods of time, J. Dent. Res. 70 (1991) 952-956. B.K.B. Berkovitz, G.R. Holland, B.J. Moxham, Oral Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, 3rd edition, Mosby, Edinburgh, 2002. 

D.E. Gardner, F.A. Smith, H.C. Hodge, D.E. Overton, R. Feltman, The fluoride content of placental tissue as related to the fluoride content of drinking water. Science 115(1952)208-209. 

M.A.R. Buzalaf, J.M. Granjeiro, C.A. Damante, F. de Ornelas, Fluoride content of infant formulas prepared with deionized, bottled mineral and fluoridated drinking water, J. Dent. Child. 68 (2001) 37-41. 

A sample of water (40 L) has been filtrated from the endemic region of Senegal (Fatick) with the three membranes previously described, under industrial conditions. Water analysis (see Table 9) show higher F and Cl- concentrations than the WHO standards. All the results are reported in Fig. 11. The evolution of the fluoride contents in the permeate increase with the following order NF270>NF90>BW30. 

Kabasakalis, V. and Tsolaki, A. (1994) Fluoride content of vegetables irrigated with waters of high fluoride levels. Fresenius Environment Bulletin 3(6), 377-380. 

Procedure Transfer 1.00 g of sample into a 150-mL glass beaker, add 10 mL of water, and, while stirring continuously, slowly add 20 mL of 1 A hydrochloric acid to dissolve the sample. Boil rapidly for 1 min, then transfer into a 250-mL plastic beaker, and cool rapidly in ice water. Add 15 mL of 1 M sodium citrate and 10 mL of 0.2 M disodium EDTA, and mix. Adjust the pH to 5.5 0.1 with 1 A hydrochloric acid or 1 A sodium hydroxide, if necessary transfer into a 100-mL volumetric flask dilute to volume with water and mix. Transfer a 50-mL portion of this solution into a 125-mL plastic beaker, and measure the potential of the solution with the apparatus described under Calibration Curve. Determine the fluoride content, in micrograms, of the sample from the Calibration Curve. 

Fluorine is a constituent of skeletal bone and helps reduce the incidence of dental caries. The fluorine content of drinking water is usually below 0.2 mg/L but in some locations may be as high as 5 mg/L. The optimal concentration for dental health is 1 mg/L. The fluoride content of vegetables is low, with the exception of spinach, which contains 280 pg/100 g. Milk contains 20 pg/ 100 g and beef about 100 pg/100 g. Fish foods may contain up to 700 pg/100 g and tea about 100 pg/g. 

Start with the ranked list of needs such as those obtained after the previous lesson (Figure 6-2 see also Appendix 6-1). We have given this as a mind map to keep it short. Note that all the regulations have a rank 5 (essential) you must obey these. Some needs in the map are a bit cryptic because we had to keep them short. Tartar is a calcified deposit on your teeth caries is the dental name for holes or cavities. Simulates water is short for bmshing with paste simulates drinking water with a suitable fluoride content . 

Over 300 million people worldwide now consume optimally fluoridated water. The U.S. Public Health Service has established recommended levels for fluoride concentrations in water supplies in accordance with mean annual temperatures. The daily intake of fluoride not only comes from drinking water but also from food consumed or prepared with fluoridated water. Also, crops are frequently fertilized with phosphate fertilizers of high soluble-fluoride content, and food products including bone in animal feeds contain fluoride. 

Controlled fluoridation of a water supply can be accomphshed by blending the water with a high level of fluoride with one with a low level of fluoride. The second type of controlled fluoridation, in addition to blending, is when the fluoride content of a water supply is adjusted by the deliberate addition of a chemical compound that provides fluorine ions in water solution. In 2000 controlled fluoridation, which began with the four cities previously mentioned, was practiced by US public water systems serving over 162 million persons out of US total population of 281 million (10,11). 

Several factors influence the level of fluorides in food. These include the locality in which the food is grown, the amount of fertilizer and pesticides applied, the type of processing the food receives, and whether fluoridated water is used in food preparation. Foods characteristically high in fluoride content are certain types of seafood (1.9-28.5mgkg ), especially those types in which the bones are consumed, bone products such as bone meal and gelatin, tea, and baby formula processed with fluoridated water. 

Fluoride content in natural waters in the northeastern part of the U.S. ranges from 0.02 to 0.1 ppm, while in the west and midwest river waters it ranges from 0 to 6.5 ppm, with an average of 0.2 ppm. Groundwaters contain from 0.1 to 8.7 ppm, depending on the rocks from which the waters flow. The level of F in seawater is about 1.2 ppm. 

Concentrations of fluoride in body fluids and tissue wfll vary widely depending upon the fluoride content of drinking water and input from diet, toothpaste, and mouth rinses. For... 

This chapter describes how individuals with severe enamel fluorosis (mottled tooth enamel) became associated with fluoride in the public water supply and protection from dental caries. A comparison of caries experience with the fluoride content of public water supplies and enamel fluorosis in adolescents indicated that 1 pg fluoride/mL (1 part/million) in the water provides caries protection with minimal enamel fluorosis (sect. 1). One mechanism is the spontaneous isomorphic replacement of apatite s hydroxide anions with fluoride, which reduces enamel solubility. A second is fluoride-mediated inhibition of enolase, which retards bacterial acid production at teeth surfaces. These findings led to the use of fluoride in toothpastes, which provides better protection from caries at tooth surfaces than water fluoridation alone (sect. 2). The chapter concludes with a discussion of potentially harmful effects of fluoride ingestion (sect. 3). 

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