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Water, acid utility

Intravenous replacement solutions are a source of electrolytes and water for hydration (Normosol M Ringer s Injection, Lactated Ringer s, Plasma-Lyte R), and used to facilitate amino acid utilization and maintain electrolyte balance (Lypholyte, Multilyte, TPN Electrolytes). Dextrose and electrolyte solutions such as Plasma-Lyte R and 5% dextrose are used as a parenteral source of electrolytes, calories, or water for hydration. Invert sugar-electrolyte solutions, such as Multiple Electrolytes and Travert 5% and 10%, contain equal parts of dextrose and fructose and are used as a source of calories and hydration. [Pg.635]

Over the years, numerous formulations were prepared based on HNO3. Usually, fuming nitric acid (HNO3 > 90% in water) was utilized in their preparation. Some historically significant formulations were ... [Pg.46]

To better understand the dangers of TATP, the author has over the years made and studied the sensitivity of TATP of various purities. A crude TATP would be one in which minimal attempt to remove the residual acid catalyst was made. Crude TATP might have a simple water wash applied to the product crystals. A washed TATP would be one in which some chemical step has been conducted with the intent of trying to neutralize the residual acid. Utilizing a bicarbonate solution to wash the product crystals would produce a washed product. Pure TATP would refer to the product of a process where multiple steps were utilized to clean the material. Pure TATP would have undergone both a neutralizing wash and a recrystallization of the washed material. [Pg.58]

Silica Gels. The acid-catalyzed alkoxide sol-gel process produces gels (17). Frib-erg and coworkers (40-50) pioneered the extension of this process to silica synthesis in microemulsions both aqueous and nonaqueous microemulsions were used. For aqueous microemulsions, experiments were conducted mostly with the SDS/ pentanol/water/acid system. A representative flow diagram is shown in Figure 2.2.9. The nonaqueous microemulsion systems utilized included CTAB/decanol/ decane/formamide and AOT/decane/glycerol (44-46,49,50). The experimental approach followed the sequence nonaqueous microemulsion preparation, water addition, and then TEOS addition. [Pg.165]

Recently new soaps have been found to improve greases with respect to melting point, adhesiveness, resistance to the washing action of water, and utility at both high and low temperatures. The newer thickeners are soaps of lithium 25) or barium 24) Certain properties of greases may be improved by saponification of the alkali with fats or fatty acids which have become available fairly recently these products include hydrogenated fats and pure fatty 13) acids such as 12-hydroxystearic acid. [Pg.246]

A conductance cell containing 0.01 n potassium chloride was found to have a resistance of 2573 ohms at 25 . The same cell when filled with a solution of 0.2 N acetic acid had a resistance of 5085 ohms. Calculate (a) the cell constant, (6) the specific resistances of the potassium chloride and acetic acid solutions, (c) the conductance ratio of 0.2 n acetic acid, utilizing data given in Chap. II. (The conductance of the water may be neglected.)... [Pg.78]

There are a number of practical synergistic systems that make use of organophosphorus compounds. A classic example is the combination of HDEHP and TOPO. The TOPO is thought to replace water or HDEHP in the coordination sphere of the metal. Some early work in this area included a study of the extraction of uranium in such systems (82). Commercial processes now exist for the recovery of uranium from wet-process phosphoric acid utilizing synergistic systems (83,84). Descriptive studies of such systems have also been made (85,86). [Pg.84]

Figure 13-6. Electrocatalytic water oxidation utilizing a polymer-coated electrode as a ftmction of the Ru-red catalyst concentration confined in a Nafion membrane coated on an electrode. Applied potential 1.4 V vs. Ag-AgCl. (a) In the absence of amino acid model compound, (b) in the presence of 5.0 x 10" M p-cresol p-Cre), and (c) with toluene. The solid line is a simulated curve considering charge mediation, and the dashed lines are the calculated values without mediator. The dash-dotted curve (I) is a simulated curve in the presence of p-Cxt when and r Figure 13-6. Electrocatalytic water oxidation utilizing a polymer-coated electrode as a ftmction of the Ru-red catalyst concentration confined in a Nafion membrane coated on an electrode. Applied potential 1.4 V vs. Ag-AgCl. (a) In the absence of amino acid model compound, (b) in the presence of 5.0 x 10" M p-cresol p-Cre), and (c) with toluene. The solid line is a simulated curve considering charge mediation, and the dashed lines are the calculated values without mediator. The dash-dotted curve (I) is a simulated curve in the presence of p-Cxt when and r<i are the same as those in the absence of p-Cre, and curve 11 is a simulated curve in the presence of p-Cre when / and koi are the same as those in the absence of p-Cre. The mediator lengthens the charge-hopping distance (ro) between catalyst molecules.
Interestingly, the salts of carboxylic acids, utilize the same nomenclature system. Thus, conversion of ethanoic acid (acetic acid, CH3CO2H) to its sodium salt (with, e.g., aqueous sodium hydroxide, NaOH) produces water and sodium ethanoate (sodium acetate, CHsCOi Na" ). Furthermore, when the (RCO2-) group must be named as a substituent, it is called the acyloxy or R-carbonyloxy group. [Pg.239]

An envirorunerjtally friendly and highly efficient procedure for the preparation of substituted quinoline derivatives was developed by a simple Friedlander reaction of 2-aminoarylketone or 2-aminoarylaldehyde with carbonyl compounds in the presence of hydrochloric acid utilizing water as the solvent [6] (Scheme 8.6). [Pg.236]

Proton donors What is the exact role of alcohols and water commonly utilized in these reactions How does change in structure and acidity of alcohols affect the mechanism of reaction Since Sm+ is oxophilic, do alcohols and water coordinate to Sml2 If yes, does coordination to Sml2 change the nature of the actual reducing species ... [Pg.409]

Many factors need to be considered when designing a bonded assembly, which will utilize adhesive or sealant. They include the purpose of the joint and the stresses likely to be encountered, the substrates to be joined and their physical properties, such as coefficient(s) of linear expansion, the type of materials forming the joint, maximum and minimum temperatures predicted for the components and their heat capacity and conductivity, and any other external influences such as exposure to chemical attack (e.g., water, acids, solvents, etc.) or physical movement from vibration, etc. [Pg.905]


See other pages where Water, acid utility is mentioned: [Pg.835]    [Pg.42]    [Pg.137]    [Pg.130]    [Pg.923]    [Pg.474]    [Pg.1944]    [Pg.109]    [Pg.85]    [Pg.126]    [Pg.128]    [Pg.133]    [Pg.120]    [Pg.377]    [Pg.759]    [Pg.658]    [Pg.844]    [Pg.1261]    [Pg.71]    [Pg.28]    [Pg.130]    [Pg.76]    [Pg.227]    [Pg.122]    [Pg.168]    [Pg.340]    [Pg.835]    [Pg.835]    [Pg.527]    [Pg.280]    [Pg.229]    [Pg.271]    [Pg.42]    [Pg.44]    [Pg.51]    [Pg.68]    [Pg.448]    [Pg.70]   
See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.183 ]




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