Immersion plating

The capillary rise on a Wilhelmy plate (Section II-6C) is a nice means to obtain contact angles by measurement of the height, h, of the meniscus on a partially immersed plate (see Fig. 11-14) [111, 112]. Neumann has automated this technique to replace manual measurement of h with digital image analysis to obtain an accuracy of 0.06° (and a repeatability to 95%, in practice, of 0.01°) [108]. The contact angle is obtained directly from the height through... 

Figure 10-159A. Used as an immersion plate with liquids, the serpentine flow path increases the heat transfer rate. (Used by permission Cat. Heat Transfer Equipment. DEC International, Engineered Products Group.)...

Principles Immersion plating resulting from a displacement reaction involving the metal to be coated can continue only as long as the less noble substrate remains accessible to the plating solution, and therefore as plating proceeds, the quantity of A/, deposited, and of A/j dissolved, falls. Dissolution of A/j can be avoided by coupling it with a less noble metal A/, so that only A/j dissolves, i.e, by internal electrolysis. 

Immersion plating Displacement of metal ions in solution by metal to be coated + M2 - M 1 + yMf. where xn =ym M, Cu from aqueous CuSO M2 Fe... 

The surface preparation operations for strip are dependent upon whether the basis material is steel or aluminum. The surface preparation steps for steel strip are minimal in comparison to porcelain enameling on steel sheets because precleaned strip steel is used. Steel strip is nickel immersion plated prior to the enameling step. Surface preparation for aluminum involves only cleaning. The enamel for either basis material is applied by means of spray guns that are aimed at the surface of the moving strip. Two coats are normally applied, the strip being fired after each coat. 

The concentrations of metals found in complexed metals subcategory raw waste streams are presented in Table 9.6. Complexed metals may occur in a number of unit operations but come primarily from electroless and immersion plating. The most commonly used metals in these operations are copper, nickel, and tin. Wastewaters containing complexing agents must be segregated and treated independently of other wastes in order to prevent further complexing of free metals in the other streams. 

Electroless deposition should not be confused with metal displacement reactions, which are often known as cementation or immersion plating processes. In the latter, the less noble metal dissolves and eventually becomes coated with a more noble metal, and the deposition process ceases. Coating thicknesses are usually < 1 pm, and tend to be less continuous than coatings obtained by other methods. A well-known example of an immersion plating process that has technological applications is the deposition of Sn on Cu [17] here a strong complexant for Cu(I), such as thiourea, forces the Cu(I)/Cu couple cathodic with respect to the Sn(II)/Sn couple, thereby increasing the thermodynamic stability in solution of thiourea-complexed Cu(I) relative to Sn(II). 

Immersion electrodes, 14 27 Immersion freezing, 12 83 Immersion plating, 9 687 24 747 of metal-matrix composites, 16 173 Immiscible hquid-liquid mixing, 16 696-700... 

In addition to the sessile drop method which measures the contact angle directly, Neumann and Renzow (1969) have developed the Wilhelmy slide technique to measure it to 0.1° precision. As shown in Fig. 2.20, the meniscus at a partially immersed plate rises to a finite length, h, if the contact angle, 0, is finite. 6 is calculated from... 

Preparation of Zinc.—To obtain perfectly pure zinc is a task of some difficulty, so much so that the commercial article is never met with in a puro state, hut rather with variable quantities of arsenic, cadmium, tin, lead, manganese, iron, cobalt, and nickel. In order to obtain perfectly pure metal, the purest commercial ziuo should be dissolved in dilute sulphuric acid, filtered from any residue, and the foreign metals thrown down by Immersing plates of zinc in the liquid till no further deposit takes place. After separating the precipitated metals, which may be tin, lead, copper, cadmium, antimony, and a trace of arsenic, the solution is treated with carbonate of soda, and the carbonate of zinc, which Falls after filtration and thorough washing, Is dried, heated to redness to expel carbonic acid, mixed with charcoal or lampblack, and introduced into a crucible as represented in Fig. 23, placed in a furnace,... 

Silver films are formed on meso- and macroporous silicon (mejo-PS and macro-PS) by the immersion plating. Scanning electron microscopy reveals the formation of Ag islands along the dendritic structure at the surface of mejo-PS and Ag nanoparticles over the pore walls in the case of macro-PS. The surface-enhanced Raman scattering activity of Ag-macro-PS substrates appears to be greater in comparison with that for Ag-mcio-PS. 

The SERS-active solid substrates on the basis of silver-coated porous silicon (Ag-PS) can readily be prepared by the immersion plating [2], They offer high sensitivity, stability in air and so they are promising for ultrasensitive chemical analysis. Recently, we have shown that the tetrapyrrolic molecules, in particularly, photosensitizer chlorin can be studied at trace amounts by SERS on Ag-coated meso-PS [3]. It should be noted that in the case of meso-PS major Ag deposition occurs on the top of the porous layer occluding the pores. In order to use the vast surface area of PS for the generation of SERS signal we have... 

The silver deposition on the surface of PS was carried out by the immersion plating in AgNOs solutions. Samples for SERS measurements were prepared by incubation of Ag-PS substrates in the analyte solution for two hours. SERS spectra were obtained with excitation at 457.9 nm. 

To obtain Ag-PS structures with suitable parameters, we carried out the immersion plating in the AgN03 solutions at TIO M and TIO M concentrations gradually increasing the deposition time. Three types of solvents were used (water, 1 1 water ethanol and 4 1 water DMSO) to allow different wetting of the PS layers. SERS spectra of Cu-tetrakis(4-N-methylpyridyl) porphyrin (CuTMpyP4) (Fig. 1) reflected the activity of Ag-PS substrates. 

The effect of time of the silver immersion plating on the SERS signal for meso- and macro-PS is demonstrated in Fig. 2. 

When the 4 1 water DMSO solution was used for the Ag deposition on wejo-PS, the porous layers peeled of after the immersion plating. No distinct maximum has been observed at these conditions for macro-PS. 

The immersion plating technique provides a simple method for the formation of SERS-active silver nanostructures on meso- and macro-PS. Ag-macro-PS substrates display the slightly strong enhancement in comparison with Ag-meso-PS. Nevertheless, additional experiments are needed to optimize the procedure of their preparation to further enhance the sensitivity. 

Use Mordant in dyeing, ceramics, glass, source of tin for electroplating and immersion plating, textile fireproofing, stabilizer for hydrogen peroxide, blueprint paper, laboratory reagent. 

The displacement deposition is also known as galvanic or immersion plating. In this process, when a less noble metal (Mi) is immersed... 

The related processes for metal deposition include electroless deposition, immersion plating, and electro-forming. They follow the basic principles of electrochemistry. 

The major advantages of immersion plating include simplicity, minor capital expense, and the ability to deposit in recesses and on the inside of the tubing. But, the applicability of immersion plating is limited. 

To apply tin plating, you can use a Plug N Play kit, or use an electroless immersion plating solution such as Tinnit . You could also have a plating shop do the plating. 

---