Waste minimization cleaner production

Waste minimization Cleaner production Waste reduction Clean technology Source reduction... 

Since the late 1980s, several developed countries have made major public sector commitments to build awareness of cleaner production, also referred to as pollution prevention and waste minimization. These commitments, most notably in Denmark, the Netherlands, the U.K. and the U.S., have led the private sector to investigate and implement pollution prevention measures for existing processes and products. As a result, cleaner production is now seen in these countries as a potentially cost-effective complement to pollution abatement in meeting environmental standards. 

The limited utilization of cleaner production techniques and technologies in developing countries, in spite of their significant potential for waste minimization because of old and inefficient equipment, has a number of causes1617 ... 

They conducted sectoral and cross-sectoral in-plant demonstrations of cleaner production to show the potential of waste minimization in the country. 

Waste Minimization and Cleaner Production Alternatives for Roll and Coil Coating... 

The manufacture of fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals generates in the order of 25-100 times more waste than product [52], Inorganic salts account for the bulk of the waste and are most often produced by neutralization of acidic or basic solutions [53]. Salts can pollute soil and ground water, lower the pH of atmospheric moisture and they may contribute to acid dew or acid rain [6]. For cleaner production, their minimization is essential and hence our concentration on new processes, such as the etherification (discussed in Sect. 2.6.3.1) and hydrogen transfer reduction (Sect. 2.6.3.2), that avoid salt formation and the use of salts. 

The United Nations Industrial Development Organization [39-41] and Ausubel and Sladovich [4] emphasize the importance of cleaner production, pollution prevention, waste minimization, sustainable development, zero emission, materials substimtion, dematerialization, decarbonization, functional economic analysis, and IE indicators. These ways and means for analysis and design of industrial ecology are described separately herein. 

The terms of zero emission, zero discharge, cleaner production, waste minimization, pollution prevention, design for environment, material substitution, and dematerialization are all closely related, and each is self-explanatory. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), and other national and international organizations at different periods of time have promoted each [8,19,23,30-34,39-46]. 

Wang, L.K. Cheryan, M. Application of Membrane Technology in Food Industry for Cleaner Production. The Second International Conference on Waste Minimization and Cleaner Production. United Nations Industrial Development Organization Vienna, Austria, 1995 Technical Report No. DTT-8-6-95, 42 pp. 

Overcash, M. (1992). Pollution prevention in the United States, 1976-1991. In at Cleaner Production and Waste Minimization, London, Oct. 22-23, 1992, IBC, London. 

Hamner, B. What Is the Relationship Between Cleaner Production, Pollution Prevention, Waste Minimization and ISO 14000 The 1st Asian Conference on Cleaner Production in the Chemical Industry, Taipei, Taiwan, Dec 9-10, 1996 http //www.cleanerproduction.com/misc/ Pubs/CP/o20Concepts.html (accessed Oct 2004). 

Terms closely related to cleaner production are pollution prevention and waste minimization, which emphasize the preventive aspect of cleaner production. Closely associated with cleaner production is the hierarchy of waste treatment strategies, enunciated in the U.S. 1990 Pollution Prevention Act. Environmental agencies in most countries have adopted this hierarchical approach in their policies. Waste treatment strategies, in order of preference, are... 

With increasing popularity and attention to proactive methods, structured methodologies are being developed to systematically explore, analyze, and implement energy conservation and waste minimization or cleaner production programs in industries. In many industries, such techniques are now being used as one of the management tools to monitor and control process efficiency and environmental liabilities. 

Some waste minimization or cleaner production techniques may involve significant capital investment. 

Figure 1 Typical waste minimization and cleaner production cycle.

The exercise can also be used as an opportunity to create more employee awareness about the environmental issues and energy and waste-minimization and cleaner-production program. Rewards in the form of bonuses, prizes, or acknowledgment would motivate employees to voluntarily participate in the program. There are several common ways of raising interest and motivation that could benefit the program (Box 1). 

Use posters or banners to inform the staff about the pollution scenario and the requirements, benefits, objectives, and goals ofthe upcoming waste minimization and cleaner production program. 

Waste auditing is as important as any other step in a waste-minimization or cleaner-production project. A proper waste audit should essentially provide a platform on which the rest of the project would be built. It should be a repository of all data and information that would be required to carry out the rest of the phases. As information is the strength so is a successful waste audit. 

P. Modak, Waste Minimization A Practical Guide to Cleaner Production and Enhanced Profitability, Center for Environmental Education, Ahmedabad, India, 1995. 

Industrial ecology is a recent concept in engineering and management, and is an attempt to manage an industrial unit as an ecosystem, with feedback loops and the minimal use of resources and production of waste [7]. Life cycle assessment, which was designed to take into account the environmental impact of waste, can help achieve cleaner production technologies and sustainable waste management practices which are all important aspects of... 

No matter how much effort is put into cleaner produetion and waste minimization at source, it is rarely practical to convert 100% of raw materials into product or to design a process with a 100% recoverable and... 

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