Waste minimization advantages

Given the first type of simulation, it is advantageous to be able to design a system of RO modules that can achieve the process objective at a minimal cost. A model has been iategrated iato a process simulation program to predict the stream matrix for a reverse osmosis process (132). In the area of waste minimization, the proper placement of RO modules is essential for achieving minimum waste at a minimum cost. Excellent details on how to create an optimal network of RO modules is available (96). 

The clean and efficient production of azo dyes is a classical chemistry problem. The manufacture of this industrially important family of compounds is traditionally associated with the additional formation of large quantities of hazardous and colored waste. A method for the construction of both phenolic and amino azodyes has been reported using a polymer-supported nitrite reagent to effect diazoti-zation of aromatic amines (Scheme 2.53) [80]. Waste minimization and operational simplicity, along with improved separation technologies, are key advantages of polymer-supported reagents in this area. 

The successful application of the presented techniques will have great advantages in waste minimization as well as resource conservation, and thus should convince both the research community and the legislators that the methods presented here are good alternatives to landfilling. 

Use of a particular terminology usually is linked to the forum in which the debate is occurring and hence these terms have subtle differences, but share the major emphasis on prevention. That is, all of these descriptors refer to the intuitive perspective that it is advantageous to manage chemical losses or wastes generated from the top of a hierarchy for waste minimization. In addition, there is a certain trend to reinvent terms with new government initiatives. 

Electrolytic treatment technologies have definite advantages over these more common treatment processes. The primary benefit is that chemical change in an electrochemical process is brought about by the ability to add or remove electrons from species to be treated. This eliminates the use of redox agents to treat wastes and also removes the need to treat spent redox streams. Other, equally important, benefits of electrochemical processes include close control of reactions through control of the applied potential or current lower operating temperatures and hence lower costs increased possibility of on-site treatment, especially in small-scale use possible simultaneous use of the anode and cathode for waste minimization and the ability to... 

Pilot-operated valves, and to a lesser extent spring-loaded valves offer opportunities for waste minimization. Advances in sealing technology and reductions in friction/stiction may continue to be made to reduce accumulation and blowdown. The potential advantages of fluidic design to this goal are as yet unclear. 

The use of waste minimization approach to pollution control in pretreatments offers environmental and economical advantages over effluent treatment namely [88]... 

Table I. Possible advantages of supercritical fluids for waste remediation/ treatment, and as an alternative solvent for waste minimization.

The decisive criterion in the case of wood substitution is the life expectancy ratio (LER) of the compared products made of mixed plastics or wood, respectively. Only above a certain limit value (in the examined case LER = >3.3) — that is, a clearly longer life cycle of the plastic product as compared with the wooden product—is the level of resource reduction in feedstock recycling/energy recovery reached. The situation is similar as far as acidification and eutrophication are concerned. Advantages are found only with regard to waste minimization. 

Supercritical CO2, near-critical water, and C02-expanded liquids are tunable benign solvents that offer exceptional opportunities as replacements for hazardous solvents. They generally exhibit better solvent properties than gases and better transport properties than liquids. They offer substantial property changes with small variations in thermodynamic conditions, such as temperature, pressure, and composition. They also provide wide-ranging environmental advantages, from human health to pollution prevention and waste minimization. 

Advantages The major advantages of the thermoplastic-based disposal systems are by dispiosin of the waste in a dry condition, the overall volume of the waste is greatly reduced most thermoplastic matrix materials are resistant to attack by aqueous solutions microbial degradation is minimal most matrices adhere well to incorporated materials, therefore, the final product has good strength and materials embedded in a thermoplastic matrix can be reclaimed if needed. 

Die Natur der Chemie, FUTURE (Hoechst Magazin), August 1996 Vision of large-scale production in shoebox-sized plants nature and plant ceUs as model for micro reactors sustainable development central role of catalysis general advantages of micro flow use of clean raw materials minimization of waste the next step in the sequence acetylene-to-efhylene chemistry ethane chemistry renewable resources combinatorial chemistry intelligent and creative solutions [229]. 

The TS-1 catalysed hydroxylation of phenol to a 1 1 mixture of catechol and hydroquinone (Fig. 2.16) was commercialized by Enichem (Romano et ai, 1990). This process offers definite advantages, such as higher selectivities at higher phenol conversions, compared to other catalytic systems. It also illustrates another interesting development the use of solid, recyclable catalysts for liquid phase (oxidation) processes to minimize waste production even further. 

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